## Physics

### Absence of Fast Scrambling in Thermodynamically Stable Long-Range Interacting Systems

Author(s): Tomotaka Kuwahara and Keiji Saito

In this study, we investigate out-of-time-order correlators (OTOCs) in systems with power-law decaying interactions such as R−α, where R is the distance. In such systems, the fast scrambling of quantum information or the exponential growth of information propagation can potentially occur according t...

[Phys. Rev. Lett. 126, 030604] Published Fri Jan 22, 2021

Categories: Journals, Physics

### Video: Psychedelic View of Fluid in Porous Materials

APS Physics - Fri, 2021-01-22 11:00

Author(s): David Ehrenstein

Video from a new technique reveals the chaotic motion of a fluid flowing through a pile of gravel.

[Physics 14, 10] Published Fri Jan 22, 2021

Categories: Physics

APS Physics - Fri, 2021-01-22 11:00

Author(s): Katherine Wright

The discovery that copernicium can decay into a new isotope of darmstadtium and the observation of a previously unseen excited state of copernicium provide clues to the location of the “island of stability.”

[Physics 14, s6] Published Fri Jan 22, 2021

Categories: Physics

### Cubic spin-orbit coupling and anomalous Josephson effect in planar junctions. (arXiv:2101.08272v1 [cond-mat.mes-hall])

arXiv.org: Quantum Physics - Fri, 2021-01-22 03:53

Spin-orbit coupling in two-dimensional systems is usually characterized by Rashba and Dresselhaus spin-orbit coupling (SOC) linear in the wave vector. However, there is a growing class of materials which instead support dominant SOC cubic in the wave vector (cSOC), while their superconducting properties remain unexplored. By focusing on Josephson junctions in Zeeman field with superconductors separated by a normal cSOC region, we reveal a strongly anharmonic current-phase relation and complex spin structure. An experimental cSOC tunability enables both tunable anomalous phase shift and supercurrent, which flows even at the zero-phase difference in the junction. A fingerprint of cSOC in Josephson junctions is the f-wave spin-triplet superconducting correlations, important for superconducting spintronics and supporting Majorana bound states.

Categories: Journals, Physics

### Optimised Domain-engineered Crystals for Pure Telecom Photon Sources. (arXiv:2101.08280v1 [quant-ph])

arXiv.org: Quantum Physics - Fri, 2021-01-22 03:53

The ideal photon-pair source for building up multi-qubit states needs to produce indistinguishable photons with high efficiency. Indistinguishability is crucial for minimising errors in two-photon interference, central to building larger states, while high heralding rates will be needed to overcome unfavourable loss scaling. Domain engineering in parametric down-conversion sources negates the need for lossy spectral filtering allowing one to satisfy these conditions inherently within the source design. Here, we present a telecom-wavelength parametric down-conversion photon source that operates on the achievable limit of domain engineering. We generate photons from independent sources which achieve two-photon interference visibilities of up to $98.6\pm1.1\%$ without narrow-band filtering. As a consequence, we reach net heralding efficiencies of up to $67.5\%$, which corresponds to collection efficiencies exceeding $90\%$.

Categories: Journals, Physics

### Accumulation of chiral hinge modes and its interplay with Weyl physics in a three-dimensional periodically driven lattice system. (arXiv:2101.08281v1 [cond-mat.mes-hall])

arXiv.org: Quantum Physics - Fri, 2021-01-22 03:53

We demonstrate that a three dimensional time-periodically driven lattice system can exhibit a second-order chiral skin effect and describe its interplay with Weyl physics. This Floquet skin-effect manifests itself, when considering open rather than periodic boundary conditions for the system. Then an extensive number of bulk modes is transformed into chiral modes that are bound to the hinges (being second-order boundaries) of our system, while other bulk modes form Fermi arc surface states connecting a pair of Weyl points. At a fine tuned point, eventually all boundary states become hinge modes and the Weyl points disappear. The accumulation of an extensive number of modes at the hinges of the system resembles the non-Hermitian skin effect, with one noticeable difference being the localization of the Floquet hinge modes at increasing distances from the hinges in our system. We intuitively explain the emergence of hinge modes in terms of repeated backreflections between two hinge-sharing faces and relate their chiral transport properties to chiral Goos-H\"anchen-like shifts associated with these reflections. Moreover, we formulate a topological theory of the second-order Floquet skin effect based on the quasi-energy winding around the Floquet-Brillouin zone for the family of hinge states. The implementation of a model featuring both the second-order Floquet skin effect and the Weyl physics is straightforward with ultracold atoms in optical superlattices.

Categories: Journals, Physics

### Integrated multiplexed microwave readout of silicon quantum dots in a cryogenic CMOS chip. (arXiv:2101.08295v1 [quant-ph])

arXiv.org: Quantum Physics - Fri, 2021-01-22 03:53

Solid-state quantum computers require classical electronics to control and readout individual qubits and to enable fast classical data processing [1-3]. Integrating both subsystems at deep cryogenic temperatures [4], where solid-state quantum processors operate best, may solve some major scaling challenges, such as system size and input/output (I/O) data management [5]. Spin qubits in silicon quantum dots (QDs) could be monolithically integrated with complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) electronics using very-large-scale integration (VLSI) and thus leveraging over wide manufacturing experience in the semiconductor industry [6]. However, experimental demonstrations of integration using industrial CMOS at mK temperatures are still in their infancy. Here we present a cryogenic integrated circuit (IC) fabricated using industrial CMOS technology that hosts three key ingredients of a silicon-based quantum processor: QD arrays (arranged here in a non-interacting 3x3 configuration), digital electronics to minimize control lines using row-column addressing and analog LC resonators for multiplexed readout, all operating at 50 mK. With the microwave resonators (6-8 GHz range), we show dispersive readout of the charge state of the QDs and perform combined time- and frequency-domain multiplexing, enabling scalable readout while reducing the overall chip footprint. This modular architecture probes the limits towards the realization of a large-scale silicon quantum computer integrating quantum and classical electronics using industrial CMOS technology.

Categories: Journals, Physics

### Coupling modifies the quantum fluctuations of entangled oscillators. (arXiv:2101.08304v1 [quant-ph])

arXiv.org: Quantum Physics - Fri, 2021-01-22 03:53

Coupled oscillators are among the simplest composite quantum systems in which the interplay of entanglement and interaction may be explored. We examine the effects of coupling on fluctuations of the coordinates and momenta of the oscillators in a single-excitation entangled state. We discover that coupling acts as a mechanism for noise transfer between one pair of coordinate and momentum and another. Through this noise transfer mechanism, the uncertainty product is lowered, on average, relatively to its non-coupled level for one pair of coordinate and momentum and it is enhanced for the other pair. This novel mechanism may be explored in precision measurements in entanglement-assisted sensing and metrology.

Categories: Journals, Physics

### On-State Commutativity of Measurements and Joint Distributions of Their Outcomes. (arXiv:2101.08313v1 [quant-ph])

arXiv.org: Quantum Physics - Fri, 2021-01-22 03:53

In this note, we analyze joint probability distributions that come from the outcomes of quantum measurements performed on sets of quantum states. First, we identify the properties of these distributions that need to be fulfilled to recover a classical behavior. Secondly, we connect the existence of a joint distribution with the "on-state" permutability (commutativity of more than two operators) of measurement operators. By "on-state" we mean properties of operators that can hold only on a subset of states in the Hilbert space. Then, we disprove a conjecture proposed by

Carstens, Ebrahimi, Tabia, and Unruh (eprint 2018), which states that partial on-state permutation imply full on-state permutation. We disprove such a conjecture with a counterexample where pairwise "on-state" commutativity does not imply on-state permutability, unlike in the case where the definition is valid for all states in the Hilbert space.

Finally, we explore the new concept of on-state commutativity by showing a simple proof that if two projections almost on-state commute, then there is a commuting pair of operators that are on-state close to the originals. This result was originally proven by Hasting (Communications in Mathematical Physics, 2019) for general operators.

Categories: Journals, Physics

### Operational Theories in Phase Space: Toy Model for the Harmonic Oscillator. (arXiv:2101.08323v1 [quant-ph])

arXiv.org: Quantum Physics - Fri, 2021-01-22 03:53

We construct a toy model for the harmonic oscillator that is neither classical nor quantum. The model features a discrete energy spectrum, a ground state with sharp position and momentum, an eigenstate with non-positive Wigner function as well as a state that has tunneling properties. The underlying formalism exploits that the Wigner-Weyl approach to quantum theory and the Hamilton formalism in classical theory can be formulated in the same operational language, which we then use to construct generalized theories with well-defined phase space. The toy model demonstrates that operational theories are a viable alternative to operator-based approaches for building physical theories.

Categories: Journals, Physics

### Enhancing Generative Models via Quantum Correlations. (arXiv:2101.08354v1 [quant-ph])

arXiv.org: Quantum Physics - Fri, 2021-01-22 03:53

Generative modeling using samples drawn from the probability distribution constitutes a powerful approach for unsupervised machine learning. Quantum mechanical systems can produce probability distributions that exhibit quantum correlations which are difficult to capture using classical models. We show theoretically that such quantum correlations provide a powerful resource for generative modeling. In particular, we provide an unconditional proof of separation in expressive power between a class of widely-used generative models, known as Bayesian networks, and its minimal quantum extension. We show that this expressivity advantage is associated with quantum nonlocality and quantum contextuality. Furthermore, we numerically test this separation on standard machine learning data sets and show that it holds for practical problems. The possibility of quantum advantage demonstrated in this work not only sheds light on the design of useful quantum machine learning protocols but also provides inspiration to draw on ideas from quantum foundations to improve purely classical algorithms.

Categories: Journals, Physics

### Scarring in classical chaotic dynamics with noise. (arXiv:2101.08362v1 [nlin.CD])

arXiv.org: Quantum Physics - Fri, 2021-01-22 03:53

We report the numerical observation of scarring, that is enhancement of probability density around unstable periodic orbits of a chaotic system, in the eigenfunctions of the classical Perron-Frobenius operator of noisy Anosov ("cat") maps, as well as in the noisy Bunimovich stadium. A parallel is drawn between classical and quantum scars, based on the unitarity or non-unitarity of the respective propagators. We provide a mechanistic explanation for the classical phase-space localization detected, based on the distribution of finite-time Lyapunov exponents, and the interplay of noise with deterministic dynamics. Classical scarring can be measured by studying autocorrelation functions and their power spectra.

Categories: Journals, Physics

### Topological bands in the continuum using Rydberg states. (arXiv:2101.08363v1 [cond-mat.quant-gas])

arXiv.org: Quantum Physics - Fri, 2021-01-22 03:53

The quest to realize topological band structures in artificial matter is strongly focused on lattice systems, and only quantum Hall physics is known to appear naturally also in the continuum. In this letter, we present a proposal based on a two-dimensional cloud of atoms dressed to Rydberg states, where excitations propagate by dipolar exchange interaction, while the Rydberg blockade phenomenon naturally gives rise to a characteristic length scale, suppressing the hopping on short distances. Then, the system becomes independent of the atoms' spatial arrangement and can be described by a continuum model. We demonstrate the appearance of a topological band structure in the continuum characterized by a Chern number $C=2$ and show that edge states appear at interfaces tunable by the atomic density.

Categories: Journals, Physics

### Quantum Constraint Problems can be complete for $\mathsf{BQP}$, $\mathsf{QCMA}$, and more. (arXiv:2101.08381v1 [quant-ph])

arXiv.org: Quantum Physics - Fri, 2021-01-22 03:53

A quantum constraint problem is a frustration-free Hamiltonian problem: given a collection of local operators, is there a state that is in the ground state of each operator simultaneously? It has previously been shown that these problems can be in P, NP-complete, MA-complete, or QMA_1-complete, but this list has not been shown to be exhaustive. We present three quantum constraint problems, that are (1) BQP_1-complete (also known as coRQP), (2) QCMA_1-complete and (3) coRP-complete. These provide some of the first natural problems in these classes. This suggests significantly more diversity than the case of classical constraint problems, which are known to only ever be P or NP-complete. The constructions also offer a quantum view of a new BPP-complete problem.

Categories: Journals, Physics

### Noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) algorithms. (arXiv:2101.08448v1 [quant-ph])

arXiv.org: Quantum Physics - Fri, 2021-01-22 03:53

A universal fault-tolerant quantum computer that can solve efficiently problems such as integer factorization and unstructured database search requires millions of qubits with low error rates and long coherence times. While the experimental advancement towards realizing such devices will potentially take decades of research, noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) computers already exist. These computers are composed of hundreds of noisy qubits, i.e. qubits that are not error-corrected, and therefore perform imperfect operations in a limited coherence time. In the search for quantum advantage with these devices, algorithms have been proposed for applications in various disciplines spanning physics, machine learning, quantum chemistry and combinatorial optimization. The goal of such algorithms is to leverage the limited available resources to perform classically challenging tasks. In this review, we provide a thorough summary of NISQ computational paradigms and algorithms. We discuss the key structure of these algorithms, their limitations, and advantages. We additionally provide a comprehensive overview of various benchmarking and software tools useful for programming and testing NISQ devices.

Categories: Journals, Physics

### Variational quantum solver employing the PDS free energy functional. (arXiv:2101.08526v1 [quant-ph])

arXiv.org: Quantum Physics - Fri, 2021-01-22 03:53

In our previous work (J. Chem. Phys. 2020, 153, 201102), we reported a new class of quantum algorithms that are based on the quantum computation of the connected moment expansion to find the ground and excited state energies. In particular, the Peeters-Devreese-Soldatov (PDS) formulation is found variational and bearing the potential for further combining with the existing variational quantum infrastructure. Following this direction, here we propose a variational quantum solver employing the PDS energy gradient. In comparison with the usual variational quantum eigensolver (VQE) and the original static PDS approach, the proposed variational quantum solver offers an effective approach to achieve high accuracy at finding the ground state and its energy through the rotation of the trial wave function of modest quality guided by the low order PDS energy gradients, thus improves the accuracy and efficiency of the quantum simulation. We demonstrate the performance of the proposed variational quantum solver for toy models, H$_2$ molecule, and strongly correlated planar H$_4$ system in some challenging situations. In all the case studies, the proposed variational quantum approach outperforms the usual VQE and static PDS calculations even at the lowest order.

Categories: Journals, Physics

### Exploiting the wide dynamic range of Silicon photomultipliers for Quantum Optics applications. (arXiv:2101.08530v1 [quant-ph])

arXiv.org: Quantum Physics - Fri, 2021-01-22 03:53

Silicon photomultipliers are photon-number-resolving detectors endowed with hundreds of cells enabling them to reveal high-populated quantum optical states. In this paper, we address such a goal by showing the possible acquisition strategies that can be adopted and discussing their advantages and limitations. In particular, we determine the best acquisition solution in order to properly reveal the nature, either classical or nonclassical, of mesoscopic quantum optical states.

Categories: Journals, Physics

### Experimental demonstration of memory-enhanced scaling for entanglement connection of quantum repeater segments. (arXiv:2101.08541v1 [quant-ph])

arXiv.org: Quantum Physics - Fri, 2021-01-22 03:53

The quantum repeater protocol is a promising approach to implement long-distance quantum communication and large-scale quantum networks. A key idea of the quantum repeater protocol is to use long-lived quantum memories to achieve efficient entanglement connection between different repeater segments with a polynomial scaling. Here we report an experiment which realizes efficient connection of two quantum repeater segments via on-demand entanglement swapping by the use of two atomic quantum memories with storage time of tens of milliseconds. With the memory enhancement, scaling-changing acceleration is demonstrated in the rate for a successful entanglement connection. The experimental realization of entanglement connection of two quantum repeater segments with an efficient memory-enhanced scaling demonstrates a key advantage of the quantum repeater protocol, which makes a cornerstone towards future large-scale quantum networks.

Categories: Journals, Physics

### Real-space representation of winding number for one-dimensional chiral-symmetric topological insulator. (arXiv:2101.08546v1 [cond-mat.str-el])

arXiv.org: Quantum Physics - Fri, 2021-01-22 03:53

The winding number has been widely used as an invariant for diagnosing topological phases in one-dimensional chiral-symmetric systems. We put forward a real-space representation for the winding number, which is equivalent to the momentum-space representation for the systems with translation symmetry at half filling. Remarkably, our method reproduces an exactly quantized winding number even in the presence of disorders that breaks translation symmetry but preserves chiral symmetry. Our method also works for arbitrary fractional filling cases, where the winding number is not necessarily quantized. Around the disorder-induced topological phase transition, the real-space winding number has large fluctuations for different disordered samples, however, its average over an ensemble of disorder samples may well identify the topological phase transition. Besides, we show that our real-space winding number can be expressed as a Bott index, which has been used to represent the Chern number for two dimensional systems.

Categories: Journals, Physics

### Machine learning time-local generators of open quantum dynamics. (arXiv:2101.08591v1 [quant-ph])

arXiv.org: Quantum Physics - Fri, 2021-01-22 03:53

In the study of closed many-body quantum systems one is often interested in the evolution of a subset of degrees of freedom. On many occasions it is possible to approach the problem by performing an appropriate decomposition into a bath and a system. In the simplest case the evolution of the reduced state of the system is governed by a quantum master equation with a time-independent, i.e. Markovian, generator. Such evolution is typically emerging under the assumption of a weak coupling between the system and an infinitely large bath. Here, we are interested in understanding to which extent a neural network function approximator can predict open quantum dynamics - described by time-local generators - from an underlying unitary dynamics. We investigate this question using a class of spin models, which is inspired by recent experimental setups. We find that indeed time-local generators can be learned. In certain situations they are even time-independent and allow to extrapolate the dynamics to unseen times. This might be useful for situations in which experiments or numerical simulations do not allow to capture long-time dynamics and for exploring thermalization occurring in closed quantum systems.

Categories: Journals, Physics