## Physics

### Floquet prethermalization in a Bose-Hubbard system. (arXiv:2001.08226v1 [cond-mat.quant-gas])

arXiv.org: Quantum Physics - Sat, 2020-01-25 01:33

Periodic driving has emerged as a powerful tool in the quest to engineer new and exotic quantum phases. While driven many-body systems are generically expected to absorb energy indefinitely and reach an infinite-temperature state, the rate of heating can be exponentially suppressed when the drive frequency is large compared to the local energy scales of the system --- leading to long-lived 'prethermal' regimes. In this work, we experimentally study a bosonic cloud of ultracold atoms in a driven optical lattice and identify such a prethermal regime in the Bose-Hubbard model. By measuring the energy absorption of the cloud as the driving frequency is increased, we observe an exponential-in-frequency reduction of the heating rate persisting over more than 2 orders of magnitude. The tunability of the lattice potentials allows us to explore one- and two-dimensional systems in a range of different interacting regimes. Alongside the exponential decrease, the dependence of the heating rate on the frequency displays features characteristic of the phase diagram of the Bose-Hubbard model, whose understanding is additionally supported by numerical simulations in one dimension. Our results show experimental evidence of the phenomenon of Floquet prethermalization, and provide insight into the characterization of heating for driven bosonic systems.

Categories: Journals, Physics

### Quantum scars as embeddings of weakly "broken" Lie algebra representations. (arXiv:2001.08232v1 [cond-mat.str-el])

arXiv.org: Quantum Physics - Sat, 2020-01-25 01:33

We present an interpretation of scar states and quantum revivals as weakly "broken" representations of Lie algebras spanned by a subset of eigenstates of a many-body quantum system. We show that the PXP model, describing strongly-interacting Rydberg atoms, supports a "loose" embedding of multiple $\mathrm{su(2)}$ Lie algebras corresponding to distinct families of scarred eigenstates. Moreover, we demonstrate that these embeddings can be made progressively more accurate via an iterative process which results in optimal perturbations that stabilize revivals from arbitrary charge density wave product states, $|\mathbb{Z}_n\rangle$, including ones that show no revivals in the unperturbed PXP model. We discuss the relation between the loose embeddings of Lie algebras present in the PXP model and recent exact constructions of scarred states in related models.

Categories: Journals, Physics

### Democratizing Spin Qubits. (arXiv:2001.08251v1 [cond-mat.mes-hall])

arXiv.org: Quantum Physics - Sat, 2020-01-25 01:33

I've been building Powerpoint-based quantum computers with electron spins in silicon for 19 years. Unfortunately, real-life-based quantum dot quantum computers are harder to implement. Fabrication, control, and materials challenges abound. The way to accelerate discovery is to make and measure more qubits. Here I discuss separating the qubit realization and testing circuitry from the materials science and on-chip fabrication that will ultimately be necessary. This approach should allow us, in the shorter term, to characterize wafers non-invasively for their qubit-relevant properties, to make small qubit systems on various different materials with little extra cost, and even to test spin-qubit to superconducting cavity entanglement protocols where the best possible cavity quality is preserved. Such a testbed can advance the materials science of semiconductor quantum information devices and enable small quantum computers. This article may also be useful as a light and light-hearted introduction to spin qubits.

Categories: Journals, Physics

### A family of multipartite separability criteria based on correlation tensor. (arXiv:2001.08258v1 [quant-ph])

arXiv.org: Quantum Physics - Sat, 2020-01-25 01:33

A family of separability criteria based on correlation matrix (tensor) is provided. Interestingly, it unifies several criteria known before like e.g. CCNR or realignment criterion, de Vicente criterion and derived recently separability criterion based on SIC POVMs. It should be stressed that, unlike the well known Correlation Matrix Criterion or criterion based on Local Uncertainty Relations, the new criteria are linear in the density operator and hence one may find new classes of entanglement witnesses and positive maps. Interestingly, there is a natural generalization to multipartite scenario using multipartite correlation matrix. We illustrate the detection power of the above criteria on several well known examples of quantum states.

Categories: Journals, Physics

### To quantum or not to quantum: towards algorithm selection in near-term quantum optimization. (arXiv:2001.08271v1 [quant-ph])

arXiv.org: Quantum Physics - Sat, 2020-01-25 01:33

The Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm (QAOA) constitutes one of the often mentioned candidates expected to yield a quantum boost in the era of near-term quantum computing. In practice, quantum optimization will have to compete with cheaper classical heuristic methods, which have the advantage of decades of empirical domain-specific enhancements. Consequently, to achieve optimal performance we will face the issue of algorithm selection, well-studied in practical computing. Here we introduce this problem to the quantum optimization domain.

Specifically, we study the problem of detecting those problem instances of where QAOA is most likely to yield an advantage over a conventional algorithm. As our case study, we compare QAOA against the well-understood approximation algorithm of Goemans and Williamson (GW) on the Max-Cut problem. As exactly predicting the performance of algorithms can be intractable, we utilize machine learning to identify when to resort to the quantum algorithm. We achieve cross-validated accuracy well over 96\%, which would yield a substantial practical advantage. In the process, we highlight a number of features of instances rendering them better suited for QAOA. While we work with simulated idealised algorithms, the flexibility of ML methods we employed provides confidence that our methods will be equally applicable to broader classes of classical heuristics, and to QAOA running on real-world noisy devices.

Categories: Journals, Physics

### A Multi-Scale Tensor Network Architecture for Classification and Regression. (arXiv:2001.08286v1 [stat.ML])

arXiv.org: Quantum Physics - Sat, 2020-01-25 01:33

We present an algorithm for supervised learning using tensor networks, employing a step of preprocessing the data by coarse-graining through a sequence of wavelet transformations. We represent these transformations as a set of tensor network layers identical to those in a multi-scale entanglement renormalization ansatz (MERA) tensor network, and perform supervised learning and regression tasks through a model based on a matrix product state (MPS) tensor network acting on the coarse-grained data. Because the entire model consists of tensor contractions (apart from the initial non-linear feature map), we can adaptively fine-grain the optimized MPS model backwards through the layers with essentially no loss in performance. The MPS itself is trained using an adaptive algorithm based on the density matrix renormalization group (DMRG) algorithm. We test our methods by performing a classification task on audio data and a regression task on temperature time-series data, studying the dependence of training accuracy on the number of coarse-graining layers and showing how fine-graining through the network may be used to initialize models with access to finer-scale features.

Categories: Journals, Physics

### Quantum phases of collective SU(3) spin systems with bipartite symmetry. (arXiv:2001.08310v1 [cond-mat.stat-mech])

arXiv.org: Quantum Physics - Sat, 2020-01-25 01:33

We study a bipartite collective spin-$1$ model with exchange interaction between the spins. The bipartite nature of the model manifests itself by the spins being divided into two equal-sized subsystems; within each subsystem the spin-spin interactions are of the same strength, across the subsystems they are also equal, but the two coupling values within and across the subsystem are different. Such a set-up is inspired by recent experiments with ultracold atoms. Using the $\mathrm{SU}(3)$-symmetry of the exchange interaction and the permutation symmetry within the subsystems, we can employ representation theoretic methods to diagonalize the Hamiltonian of the system in the entire parameter space of the two coupling-strengths. These techniques then allow us to explicitly construct and explore the ground-state phase diagram. The phase diagram turns out to be rich containing both gapped and gapless phases. An interesting observation is that one of the five phases features a strong bipartite symmetry breaking, meaning that the two subsystems in the ground states are in different $\mathrm{SU}(3)$ representations.

Categories: Journals, Physics

### Optimal Fermionic swap networks for Hubbard models. (arXiv:2001.08324v1 [quant-ph])

arXiv.org: Quantum Physics - Sat, 2020-01-25 01:33

We propose a Fermionic swap network scheme for efficient quantum computing of $n$-dimensional Hubbard-model Hamiltonians, assuming linear qubit connectivity. We establish new lower bounds on swap depth for such networks. These rely on isoperimetric inequalities from the combinatorics literature and are closely connected to graph bandwidth. We show that the scheme is swap-depth optimal for both spin and spinless two-dimensional Hubbard model Hamiltonians. In the first case it is also optimal in the number of Hamiltonian interaction layers, and is one from optimal in the second case.

Categories: Journals, Physics

### Demonstrating a Continuous Set of Two-qubit Gates for Near-term Quantum Algorithms. (arXiv:2001.08343v1 [quant-ph])

arXiv.org: Quantum Physics - Sat, 2020-01-25 01:33

Quantum algorithms offer a dramatic speedup for computational problems in machine learning, material science, and chemistry. However, any near-term realizations of these algorithms will need to be heavily optimized to fit within the finite resources offered by existing noisy quantum hardware. Here, taking advantage of the strong adjustable coupling of gmon qubits, we demonstrate a continuous two-qubit gate set that can provide a 3x reduction in circuit depth as compared to a standard decomposition. We implement two gate families: an iSWAP-like gate to attain an arbitrary swap angle, $\theta$, and a CPHASE gate that generates an arbitrary conditional phase, $\phi$. Using one of each of these gates, we can perform an arbitrary two-qubit gate within the excitation-preserving subspace allowing for a complete implementation of the so-called Fermionic Simulation, or fSim, gate set. We benchmark the fidelity of the iSWAP-like and CPHASE gate families as well as 525 other fSim gates spread evenly across the entire fSim($\theta$, $\phi$) parameter space achieving purity-limited average two-qubit Pauli error of $3.8 \times 10^{-3}$ per fSim gate.

Categories: Journals, Physics

### Polaron bubble stabilised by medium-induced three-body interactions. (arXiv:2001.08352v1 [cond-mat.quant-gas])

arXiv.org: Quantum Physics - Sat, 2020-01-25 01:33

Mixing two kinds of particles that repel each other usually results in either a homogeneous mixture when the repulsion is weak, or a complete phase separation of the two kinds when their repulsion is too strong. It is shown however that there is an intermediate regime where the two kinds can coexist in their ground state as a bubble immersed in a gas of one kind. Such a situation is obtained by adding heavy repulsive impurities into a Bose-Einstein condensate. Above a certain strength of the mutual repulsion, a stable bubble of impurities and bosons can be formed, resulting from the equilibrium between the interactions induced by the bosons inside the bubble and the outside pressure from the surrounding bosons. At some particular strength, the effective interactions between the impurities consist of only three-body interactions. Finally, above a critical strength, the bosons are ejected from the bubble and the impurities collapse into a pure bubble of impurities. This phenomenon could be observed with an imbalanced mixture of ultra-cold atoms of different masses. Moreover, it appears possible to reach a regime where the impurities form a dense bubble of strongly-interacting particles.

Categories: Journals, Physics

### Classically Simulating Quantum Circuits with Local Depolarizing Noise. (arXiv:2001.08373v1 [quant-ph])

arXiv.org: Quantum Physics - Sat, 2020-01-25 01:33

We study the effect of noise on the classical simulatability of quantum circuits defined by computationally tractable (CT) states and efficiently computable sparse (ECS) operations. Examples of such circuits, which we call CT-ECS circuits, are IQP, Clifford Magic, and conjugated Clifford circuits. This means that there exist various CT-ECS circuits such that their output probability distributions are anti-concentrated and not classically simulatable in the noise-free setting (under plausible assumptions). First, we consider a noise model where a depolarizing channel with an arbitrarily small constant rate is applied to each qubit at the end of computation. We show that, under this noise model, if an approximate value of the noise rate is known, any CT-ECS circuit with an anti-concentrated output probability distribution is classically simulatable. This indicates that the presence of small noise drastically affects the classical simulatability of CT-ECS circuits. Then, we consider an extension of the noise model where the noise rate can vary with each qubit, and provide a similar sufficient condition for classically simulating CT-ECS circuits with anti-concentrated output probability distributions.

Categories: Journals, Physics

### Inverses, disintegrations, and Bayesian inversion in quantum Markov categories. (arXiv:2001.08375v1 [quant-ph])

arXiv.org: Quantum Physics - Sat, 2020-01-25 01:33

We analyze three successively more general notions of reversibility and statistical inference: ordinary inverses, disintegrations, and Bayesian inferences. We provide purely categorical definitions of these notions and show how each one is a strictly special instance of the latter in the cases of classical and quantum probability. This provides a categorical foundation for Bayesian inference as a generalization of reversing a process. To properly formulate these ideas, we develop quantum Markov categories by extending recent work of Cho--Jacobs and Fritz on classical Markov categories. We unify Cho--Jacobs' categorical notion of almost everywhere (a.e.) equivalence in a way that is compatible with Parzygnat--Russo's $C^*$-algebraic a.e. equivalence in quantum probability.

Categories: Journals, Physics

### A Four-Qubits Code that is a Quantum Deletion Error-Correcting Code with the Optimal Length. (arXiv:2001.08405v1 [quant-ph])

arXiv.org: Quantum Physics - Sat, 2020-01-25 01:33

This paper provides a new instance of quantum deletion error-correcting codes. This code can correct any single quantum deletion error, while our code is only of length 4. This paper also provides an example of an encoding quantum circuit and decoding quantum circuits. It is also proven that the length of any single deletion error-correcting codes is greater than or equal to 4. In other words, our code is optimal for the code length.

Categories: Journals, Physics

### Some oscillatory representations of fuzzy conformal group SU(2,2) with positive energy. (arXiv:2001.08408v1 [quant-ph])

arXiv.org: Quantum Physics - Sat, 2020-01-25 01:33

We construct the relativistic fuzzy space as a non-commutative algebra of functions with purely structural and abstract coordinates being the creaction and annihilation (C/A) operators acting on a Hilbert space $\mathcal{H}_F$. Using these oscillators, we represent the conformal algebra $su(2,2)$ (containing the operators describing physical observables, that generate boosts, rotations, spatial and conformal translations, and dilatation) by operators acting on such functions and reconstruct an auxiliary Hilbert space $\mathcal{H}_A$ to describe this action. We then analyze states on such space and prove them to be boost-invariant. Eventually, we construct two classes of irreducible representations of $su(2,2)$ algebra with \textit{half-integer} dimension $d$ ([1]): (i) the classical fuzzy massless fields as a doubleton representation of the $su(2,2)$ constructed from one set of C/A operators in fundamental or unitary inequivalent dual representation and (ii) classical fuzzy massive fields as a direct product of two doubleton representations constructed from two sets of C/A operators that are in the fundamental and dual representation of the algebra respectively.

Categories: Journals, Physics

### Semiclassical Approach to Photophysics Beyond Kasha's Rule and Vibronic Spectroscopy Beyond the Condon Approximation. The Case of Azulene. (arXiv:2001.08414v1 [physics.chem-ph])

arXiv.org: Quantum Physics - Sat, 2020-01-25 01:33

Azulene is a prototypical molecule with an anomalous fluorescence from the second excited electronic state, thus violating Kasha's rule, and with an emission spectrum that cannot be understood within the Condon approximation. To better understand photophysics and spectroscopy of azulene and other non-conventional molecules, we develop a systematic, general, and efficient computational approach combining semiclassical dynamics of nuclei with ab initio electronic structure. First, to analyze the nonadiabatic effects, we complement the standard population dynamics by a rigorous measure of adiabaticity, estimated with the multiple-surface dephasing representation. Second, we propose a new semiclassical method for simulating non-Condon spectra, which combines the extended thawed Gaussian approximation with the efficient single-Hessian approach. S$_{1} \leftarrow$ S$_0$ and S$_{2} \leftarrow$ S$_0$ absorption and S$_{2} \rightarrow$ S$_0$ emission spectra of azulene, recorded in a new set of experiments, agree very well with our calculations. We find that accuracy of the evaluated spectra requires the treatment of anharmonicity, Herzberg--Teller, and mode-mixing effects.

Categories: Journals, Physics

### Statistical Analysis and Information Theory of Screened Kratzer-Hellmann Potential Model. (arXiv:2001.08429v1 [quant-ph])

arXiv.org: Quantum Physics - Sat, 2020-01-25 01:33

In this research, the radial Schrodinger equation for a newly proposed screened Kratzer-Hellmann potential model was studied via the conventional Nikiforov-Uvarov method. The approximate bound state solution of the Schrodinger equation was obtained using the Greene-Aldrich approximation, in addition to the normalized eigenfunction for the new potential model both analytically and numerically. These results were employed to evaluate the rotational-vibrational partition function and other thermodynamic properties for the screened Kratzer-Hellmann potential. We have discussed the results obtained graphically. Also, the normalized eigenfunction has been used to calculate some information-theoretic measures including Shannon entropy and Fisher information for low lying states in both position and momentum spaces numerically. We observed that the Shannon entropy results agreed with the Bialynicki-Birula and Mycielski inequality, while the Fisher information results obtained agreed with the Stam, Crammer-Rao inequality. From our results, we observed alternating increasing and decreasing localization across the screening parameter in the both eigenstates.

Categories: Journals, Physics

### Rydberg-State-Resolved Resonant Energy Transfer in Cold Electric-Field-Controlled Intrabeam Collisions of NH$_3$ with Rydberg He Atoms. (arXiv:2001.08440v1 [physics.chem-ph])

arXiv.org: Quantum Physics - Sat, 2020-01-25 01:33

The resonant transfer of energy from the inversion sublevels in NH$_3$ to He atoms in triplet Rydberg states with principal quantum number $n=38$ has been controlled using electric fields below 15 V/cm in intrabeam collisions at translational temperatures of $\sim1$ K. The experiments were performed in pulsed supersonic beams of NH$_3$ seeded in He at a ratio of 1:19. The He atoms were prepared in the metastable 1s2s $^3$S$_1$ level in a pulsed electric discharge in the trailing part of the beams. The velocity slip between the heavy NH$_3$ and the lighter metastable He was exploited to perform collision studies at center-of-mass collision speeds of $\sim70$ m/s. Resonant energy transfer in the atom-molecule collisions was identified by Rydberg-state-selective electric-field ionization. The experimental data have been compared to a theoretical model of the resonant dipole-dipole interactions between the collision partners based on the impact parameter method.

Categories: Journals, Physics

### Stimulated Hawking emission from metamaterial-dielectric interface. (arXiv:2001.08467v1 [hep-th])

arXiv.org: Quantum Physics - Sat, 2020-01-25 01:33

In the present paper we have considered possible analogue Hawking radiation from a normal dielectric and metamaterial composite, having an analogue horizon where the dielectric parameters vanish and change sign upon crossing this transition zone. We follow a complex path analysis to show the presence of an analogue Hawking temperature at the horizon and subsequent photon production from the ambient electromagnetic field. Possibility of experimental observation is also commented upon.

Categories: Journals, Physics

### Algebraic units, anti-unitary symmetries, and a small catalogue of SICs. (arXiv:2001.08487v1 [quant-ph])

arXiv.org: Quantum Physics - Sat, 2020-01-25 01:33

In complex vector spaces maximal sets of equiangular lines, known as SICs, are related to real quadratic number fields in a dimension dependent way. If the dimension is of the form $n^2+3$ the base field has a fundamental unit of negative norm, and there exists a SIC with anti-unitary symmetry. We give eight examples of exact solutions of this kind, for which we have endeavoured to make them as simple as we can---as a belated reply to the referee of an earlier publication, who claimed that our exact solution in dimension 28 was too complicated to be fit to print. An interesting feature of the simplified solutions is that the components of the fiducial vectors largely consist of algebraic units.

Categories: Journals, Physics

### Derivation of Spin Projection Operator using Lagrange Interpolation Formula. (arXiv:2001.08520v1 [quant-ph])

arXiv.org: Quantum Physics - Sat, 2020-01-25 01:33

This note discusses how an operator analog of the Lagrange polynomial naturally arises in the quantum-mechanical problem of constructing an explicit form of the spin projection operator.

Categories: Journals, Physics