## Physics

### Characterization of coherent quantum frequency combs using electro-optic phase modulation. (arXiv:1709.05274v2 [quant-ph] UPDATED)

arXiv.org: Quantum Physics - Wed, 2017-09-20 20:37

We demonstrate a two-photon interference experiment for phase coherent biphoton frequency combs (BFCs), created through spectral amplitude filtering of biphotons with a continuous broadband spectrum. By using an electro-optic phase modulator, we project the BFC lines into sidebands that overlap in frequency. The resulting high-visibility interference patterns provide an approach to verify frequency-bin entanglement even with slow single-photon detectors; we show a violation of Bell's inequality with qubit and qutrit states. Additionally, for the first time, we show that with entangled qutrits, two photon interference occurs even with projections onto different final frequency states. Finally, we show the versatility of this scheme for weak-light measurements by performing a series of two-dimensional experiments at different signal-idler frequency offsets to measure the dispersion of a single-mode fiber.

Categories: Journals, Physics

### Free Will in the Theory of Everything. (arXiv:1709.02874v2 [quant-ph] UPDATED)

arXiv.org: Quantum Physics - Wed, 2017-09-20 20:37

From what is known today about the elementary particles of matter, and the forces that control their behavior, it may be observed that still a host of obstacles must be overcome that are standing in the way of further progress of our understanding. Most researchers conclude that drastically new concepts must be investigated, new starting points are needed, older structures and theories, in spite of their successes, will have to be overthrown, and new, superintelligent questions will have to be asked and investigated. In short, they say that we shall need new physics. Here, we argue in a different manner. Today, no prototype, or toy model, of any so-called Theory of Everything exists, because the demands required of such a theory appear to be conflicting. The demands that we propose include locality, special and general relativity, together with a fundamental finiteness not only of the forces and amplitudes, but also of the set of Nature's dynamical variables. We claim that the two remaining ingredients that we have today, Quantum Field Theory and General Relativity, indeed are coming a long way towards satisfying such elementary requirements. Putting everything together in a Grand Synthesis is like solving a gigantic puzzle. We argue that we need the correct analytical tools to solve this puzzle. Finally, it seems to be obvious that this solution will give room neither for "Divine Intervention", nor for "Free Will", an observation that, all by itself, can be used as a clue. We claim that this reflects on our understanding of the deeper logic underlying quantum mechanics.

Categories: Journals, Physics

### Optimization of Lattice Surgery is NP-Hard. (arXiv:1702.00591v3 [quant-ph] UPDATED)

arXiv.org: Quantum Physics - Wed, 2017-09-20 20:37

The traditional method for computation in either the surface code or in the Raussendorf model is the creation of holes or "defects" within the encoded lattice of qubits that are manipulated via topological braiding to enact logic gates. However, this is not the only way to achieve universal, fault-tolerant computation. In this work, we focus on the Lattice Surgery representation, which realizes transversal logic operations without destroying the intrinsic 2D nearest-neighbor properties of the braid-based surface code and achieves universality without defects and braid based logic. For both techniques there are open questions regarding the compilation and resource optimization of quantum circuits. Optimization in braid-based logic is proving to be difficult and the classical complexity associated with this problem has yet to be determined. In the context of lattice-surgery-based logic, we can introduce an optimality condition, which corresponds to a circuit with the lowest resource requirements in terms of physical qubits and computational time, and prove that the complexity of optimizing a quantum circuit in the lattice surgery model is NP-hard.

Categories: Journals, Physics

### Testing local-realism and macro-realism under generalized dichotomic measurements. (arXiv:1708.06940v2 [quant-ph] UPDATED)

arXiv.org: Quantum Physics - Wed, 2017-09-20 20:37

Generalised quantum measurements with two outcomes are fully characterised by two real parameters, dubbed as sharpness parameter and biasedness parameter and they can be linked with different aspects of the experimental setup. It is known that precision of measurements, characterised by the sharpness parameter of the measurements, reduces the possibility of probing quantum features like violation of local-realism (LR) or macro-realism (MR). Here we investigate the effect of biasedness together with sharpness of measurement and find a trade-off between those two parameters in the context of probing violation of LR and MR. Interestingly we also find the above mentioned trade-off is more robust in the later case.

Categories: Journals, Physics

### Universality of low-energy Rashba scattering. (arXiv:1706.03130v2 [cond-mat.mes-hall] UPDATED)

arXiv.org: Quantum Physics - Wed, 2017-09-20 20:37

We investigate the scattering of a quantum particle with a two-dimensional (2D) Rashba spin-orbit coupled dispersion off of circularly symmetric potentials. As the energy of the particle approaches the bottom of the lowest spin-split band, i.e., the van Hove singularity, earlier work has shown that scattering off of an infinite circular barrier exhibits a number of features unusual from the point of view of conventional 2D scattering theory: the low-energy S-matrix is independent of the range of the potential, all partial waves contribute equally, the differential cross section becomes increasingly anisotropic and 1D-like, and the total cross section exhibits quantized plateaus. Via a nonperturbative determination of the T-matrix and an optical theorem which we prove here, we show that this behavior is universal for Rashba scattering off of any circularly symmetric, spin independent, finite-range potential. This is relevant both for impurity scattering in the noninteracting limit as well as for short-range two-particle scattering in the interacting problem.

Categories: Journals, Physics

### All entangled states can generate certified randomness. (arXiv:1706.03528v4 [quant-ph] UPDATED)

arXiv.org: Quantum Physics - Wed, 2017-09-20 20:37

Random number has many applications, it plays an important role in quantum information processing. It's not difficult to generate true random numbers, the main difficulty is how to certify the random numbers generated by untrusted devices. In [Nature(London) 464, 1021 (2010)], the authors provided us a way to generate certified random number by Bell's theorem. In their scheme, we can use the nonlocal behavior of entangled states to generate certified randomness. But there are entangled states, which admit a local hidden variable model, could not be used in their scheme. We show in our paper that the nonlocal correlations in every entangled state can be used to generate certified randomness, and we use Werner states as an example to show how to quantify the output randomness.

Categories: Journals, Physics

### Bimodal behavior of post-measured entropy and one-way quantum deficit for two-qubit X states. (arXiv:1706.02852v2 [quant-ph] UPDATED)

arXiv.org: Quantum Physics - Wed, 2017-09-20 20:37

A method for calculating the one-way quantum deficit is developed. It involves a careful study of post-measured entropy shapes.

We discovered that in some regions of X-state space the post-measured entropy $\tilde S$ as a function of measurement angle $\theta\in[0,\pi/2]$ exhibits a bimodal behavior inside the open interval $(0,\pi/2)$, i.e., it has two interior extrema: one minimum and one maximum. Furthermore, cases are found when the interior minimum of such a bimodal function

$\tilde S(\theta)$ is less than that one at the endpoint $\theta=0$ or $\pi/2$.

This leads to the formation of a boundary between the phases of one-way quantum deficit via

{\em finite} jumps of optimal measured angle from the endpoint to the interior minimum. Phase diagram is built up for a two-parameter family of X states. The subregions with variable optimal measured angle are around 1$\%$ of the total region, with their relative linear sizes achieving $17.5\%$, and the fidelity between the states of those subregions can be reduced to $F=0.968$.

In addition, a correction to the one-way deficit due to the interior minimum can achieve

$2.3\%$. Such conditions are favorable to detect the subregions with variable optimal measured angle of one-way quantum deficit in an experiment.

Categories: Journals, Physics

### Spontaneous symmetry breaking in a quadratically-driven nonlinear photonic lattice. (arXiv:1705.02865v3 [quant-ph] UPDATED)

arXiv.org: Quantum Physics - Wed, 2017-09-20 20:37

We investigate the occurrence of a phase transition, characterized by the spontaneous breaking of a discrete symmetry, in a driven-dissipative Bose-Hubbard lattice in presence of two-photon coherent driving. The driving term does not lift the original $U(1)$ symmetry completely and a discrete $\mathbb{Z}_2$ symmetry is left. When driving the bottom of the Bose-Hubbard band, a mean-field analysis of the steady state reveals a second-order transition from a symmetric phase to a quasi-coherent state with a finite expectation value of the Bose field. For larger driving frequency, the phase diagram shows a third region, where both phases are stable and the transition becomes of first order.

Categories: Journals, Physics

### Multiboson interactions at the LHC

Reviews of Modern Physics - Wed, 2017-09-20 12:00

Author(s): D. R. Green, P. Meade, and M.-A. Pleier

At the LHC the production of two or more gauge bosons is completely predicted by the standard model to high precision. Departures from those predictions are very sensitive probes of new physics. This article reviews the theoretical framework for probing such non-standard-model effects and summarizes the results from LHC operation at 7 and 8 TeV.

[Rev. Mod. Phys. 89, 035008] Published Wed Sep 20, 2017

Categories: Journals, Physics

### Exact electrodynamics versus standard optics for a slab of cold dense gas

Author(s): Juha Javanainen, Janne Ruostekoski, Yi Li, and Sung-Mi Yoo

We study light propagation through a slab of cold gas using both the standard electrodynamics of polarizable media and massive atom-by-atom simulations of the electrodynamics. The main finding is that the predictions from the two methods may differ qualitatively when the density of the atomic sample...

[Phys. Rev. A 96, 033835] Published Wed Sep 20, 2017

Categories: Journals, Physics

### Optical turbulence and transverse rogue waves in a cavity with triple-quantum-dot molecules

We show that optical turbulence extreme events can exist in the transverse dynamics of a cavity containing molecules of triple quantum dots under conditions close to tunneling-induced transparency. These nanostructures, when coupled via tunneling, form a four-level configuration with tunable energy-...

[Phys. Rev. A 96, 033836] Published Wed Sep 20, 2017

Categories: Journals, Physics

### Synopsis: A Lens to Focus Spins

APS Physics - Wed, 2017-09-20 12:00

A quantum bit stored in the spin excitation of an atomic cloud could be “focused” onto the quantum state of a single atom.

[Physics] Published Wed Sep 20, 2017

Categories: Physics

### Semiclassical formulation of the Gottesman-Knill theorem and universal quantum computation

PRA: Quantum information - Wed, 2017-09-20 12:00

Author(s): Lucas Kocia, Yifei Huang, and Peter Love

We give a path-integral formulation of the time evolution of qudits of odd dimension. This allows us to consider semiclassical evolution of discrete systems in terms of an expansion of the propagator in powers of . The largest power of required to describe the evolution is a traditional measure o...

[Phys. Rev. A 96, 032331] Published Wed Sep 20, 2017

Categories: Journals, Physics

### An improvement of D-MORPH method for finding quantum optimal control. (arXiv:1709.05364v1 [quant-ph])

arXiv.org: Quantum Physics - Tue, 2017-09-19 19:45

The paper examines the prominent algorithm D-MORPH to search for the optimal control of a quantum system in order to implement desired unitary evolution of the quantum system at the final time, and reveals new mathematical expressions for various orders' corrections to the algorithm, that include information about the commutators of the system's Hamiltonian. Inclusion of such corrections results in faster optimal quantum control's search with high precision, i.e. allows saving of computational resources.

Categories: Journals, Physics

### Ultrahigh-Quality Magneto-Optical Resonances of Electromagnetically Induced Absorption in a Buffer-Gas-Filled Vapor Cell. (arXiv:1709.05370v1 [quant-ph])

arXiv.org: Quantum Physics - Tue, 2017-09-19 19:45

A new configuration for observation of magneto-optical subnatural-linewidth resonances of electromagnetically induced absorption (EIA) in alkali vapor has been verified experimentally. The configuration includes using two counter-propagating pump and probe light waves with mutually orthogonal linear polarizations, exciting an open optical transition of an alkali atom in the presence of a buffer gas. The main advantage of the novel observation scheme consists in the possibility of obtaining simultaneously high-contrast and quite narrow nonlinear signals. Here a 2.5-cm long rubidium-87 vapor cell filled with Ar buffer gas is used, and the excited optical transition is the F$_g$=2 $\to$ F$_e$=1 of the D$_1$ line. The signals registered reach a contrast of 57.7% with a FWHM of 7.2 mG. The contrast with respect to a wide Doppler pedestal well exceeds 100%. To our knowledge, to date this is the best result for EIA resonances in terms of contrast-to-width ratio. In general, the results demonstrate that the new magneto-optical scheme has very good prospects for various applications in quantum metrology, nonlinear optics and photonics.

Categories: Journals, Physics

### Heterogeneous Quantum Computing for Satellite Constellation Optimization: Solving the Weighted K-Clique Problem. (arXiv:1709.05381v1 [quant-ph])

arXiv.org: Quantum Physics - Tue, 2017-09-19 19:45

NP-hard optimization problems scale very rapidly with problem size, becoming unsolvable with brute force methods, even with supercomputing resources. Typically, such problems have been approximated with heuristics. However, these methods still take a long time and are not guaranteed to find an optimal solution. Quantum computing offers the possibility of producing significant speed-up and improved solution quality. Current quantum annealing (QA) devices are designed to solve difficult optimization problems, but they are limited by hardware size and qubit connectivity restrictions. We present a novel heterogeneous computing stack that combines QA and classical machine learning, allowing the use of QA on problems larger than the hardware limits of the quantum device. These results represent experiments on a real-world problem represented by the weighted k-clique problem. Through this experiment, we provide insight into the state of quantum machine learning.

Categories: Journals, Physics

### Color centers in hexagonal boron nitride monolayers: A group theory and \textit{ab initio} analysis. (arXiv:1709.05414v1 [cond-mat.mes-hall])

arXiv.org: Quantum Physics - Tue, 2017-09-19 19:45

We study the physical properties of the most promising color center candidates for the recently observed single-photon emissions in hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) with group theory analysis and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Through our study we provide several pieces of evidence that the electronic properties of the color centers match the characters of the experimentally observed emitters. We calculate the symmetry-adapted multi-electron wavefunctions of the defects using group theory methods. The spin-orbit and spin-spin interactions are analyzed in detail. We also identify the radiative and non-radiative transition channels for each color center. Then the profile of excitation and emission dipole polarizations are discussed. The \textit{ab initio} DFT computed zero-phonon-line emission energies for the defects match well with the observed emission lines. By providing evidences on the relation of single-photon emitters and local defects in h-BN, this work paves the way for harnessing quantum dynamics of the color centers.

Categories: Journals, Physics

### A CNOT gate between multiphoton qubits encoded in two cavities. (arXiv:1709.05425v1 [quant-ph])

arXiv.org: Quantum Physics - Tue, 2017-09-19 19:45

Entangling gates between qubits are a crucial component for performing algorithms in quantum computers. However, any quantum algorithm will ultimately have to operate on error-protected logical qubits, which are effective qubits encoded in a high-dimensional Hilbert space. A common approach is to encode logical qubits in collective states of multiple two-level systems, but algorithms operating on multiple logical qubits are highly complex and have not yet been demonstrated. Here, we experimentally realize a controlled NOT (CNOT) gate between two multiphoton qubits in two microwave cavities. In this approach, we encode a qubit in the large Hilbert space of a single cavity mode, rather than in multiple two-level systems. We couple two such encoded qubits together through a transmon, which is driven with an RF pump to apply the CNOT gate within 190 ns. This is two orders of magnitude shorter than the decoherence time of any part of the system, enabling high-fidelity operations comparable to state-of-the-art gates between two-level systems. These results are an important step towards universal algorithms on error-corrected logical qubits.

Categories: Journals, Physics

### Arbitrarily exhaustive hypergraph generation of 4-, 6-, 8-, 16-, and 32-dimensional quantum contextual sets. (arXiv:1709.05430v1 [quant-ph])

arXiv.org: Quantum Physics - Tue, 2017-09-19 19:45

Quantum contextuality turns out to be a necessary resource for universal quantum computation and important in the field of quantum information processing. It is therefore of interest both for theoretical considerations and for experimental implementation to find new types and instances of contextual sets and develop methods of their optimal generation. We present an arbitrary exhaustive hypergraph-based generation of the most explored contextual sets---Kochen-Specker (KS) ones---in 4, 6, 8, 16, and 32 dimensions. We consider and analyse twelve KS classes and obtain numerous properties of theirs, which we then compare with the results previously obtained in the literature. We generate several thousand times more types and instances of KS sets than previously known. All KS sets in three of the classes and in the upper part of a fourth are novel. We make use of the MMP hypergraph language, algorithms, and programs to generate KS sets strictly following their definition from the Kochen-Specker theorem. This approach proves to be particularly advantageous over the parity-proof-based ones (which prevail in the literature), since it turns out that only a very few KS sets have a parity proof (in six KS classes 0.01% and in one of them 0%). MMP hypergraph formalism enables a translation of an exponentially complex task of solving systems of nonlinearequations, describing KS vector orthogonalities, into a statistically linearly complex task of evaluating vertex states of hypergraph edges, thus exponentially speeding up the generation of KS sets and enabling us to generate billions of novel instances of them. The MMP hypergraph notation also enables us to graphically represent KS sets and to visually discern their features.

Categories: Journals, Physics

### Review of Jean Bricmont's book "Making Sense of Quantum Mechanics". (arXiv:1709.05442v1 [physics.hist-ph])

arXiv.org: Quantum Physics - Tue, 2017-09-19 19:45

This is an invited review of Jean Bricmont's book "Making Sense of Quantum Mechanics."

Categories: Journals, Physics