## arXiv.org: Quantum Physics

Quantum Physics (quant-ph) updates on the arXiv.org e-print archive
Updated: 12 hours 54 min ago

### A non-probabilistic substitute for the Born rule. (arXiv:1710.05033v1 [quant-ph])

12 hours 54 min ago

The Born rule assigns a probability to any possible outcome of a quantum measurement, but leaves open the question how these probabilities are to be interpreted and, in particular, how they relate to the outcome observed in an actual experiment. We propose to avoid this question by replacing the Born rule with two non-probabilistic postulates: (i) the projector associated to the observed outcome must have a positive overlap with the state of the measured system; (ii) statements about observed outcomes are robust, that is, remain valid under small perturbations of the state. We show that the two postulates suffice to retrieve the interpretations of the Born rule that are commonly used for analysing experimental data.

Categories: Journals, Physics

### Device-independent quantum private comparison protocol without a third party. (arXiv:1710.05051v1 [quant-ph])

12 hours 54 min ago

Since unconditionally secure quantum two-party computations are known to be impossible, most existing quantum private comparison (QPC) protocols adopted a third party. Recently, we proposed a QPC protocol which involves two parties only, and showed that although it is not unconditionally secure, it only leaks an extremely small amount of information to the other party. Here we further propose the device-independent version of the protocol, so that it can be more convenient and dependable in practical applications.

Categories: Journals, Physics

### Limited Resource Semi-Quantum Key Distribution. (arXiv:1710.05076v1 [quant-ph])

12 hours 54 min ago

A semi-quantum key distribution (SQKD) protocol allows a quantum user and a limited "classical" user to establish a shared secret key secure against an all-powerful adversary. In this work, we present a new SQKD protocol where the quantum user is also limited in her measurement capabilities. We describe the protocol, prove its security, and show its noise tolerance is as high as "fully quantum" QKD protocols.

Categories: Journals, Physics

### Finding paths in tree graphs with a quantum walk. (arXiv:1710.05084v1 [quant-ph])

12 hours 54 min ago

In this paper, we analyze the potential for new types of searches using the formalism of scattering random walks on Quantum Computers. Given a particular type of graph consisting of nodes and connections, a "Tree Maze", we would like to find a selected final node as quickly as possible, faster than any classical search algorithm. We show that this can be done using a quantum random walk, both exactly through numerical calculations as well as analytically using eigenvectors and eigenvalues of the quantum system.

Categories: Journals, Physics

### Solving the Insoluble: A New Rule for Quantization. (arXiv:1710.05085v1 [quant-ph])

12 hours 54 min ago

The rules of canonical quantization normally offer good results, but sometimes they fail, e.g., leading to quantum triviality ($=$ free) for certain examples that are classically nontrivial ($\ne$ free). A new procedure, called Enhanced Quantization, relates classical models with their quantum partners differently and leads to satisfactory results for all systems. This paper features enhanced quantization procedures and provides highlights of two examples, a rotationally symmetric model and an ultralocal scalar model, for which canonical quantization fails while enhanced quantization succeeds.

Categories: Journals, Physics

### The second hyperpolarizability of systems described by the space-fractional Schrodinger equation. (arXiv:1710.05099v1 [quant-ph])

12 hours 54 min ago

The static second hyperpolarizability is derived from the space-fractional Schr\"{o}dinger equation in the particle-centric view. The Thomas-Reiche-Kuhn sum rule matrix elements and the three-level ansatz determines the maximum second hyperpolarizability for a space-fractional quantum system. The total oscillator strength is shown to decrease as the space-fractional parameter $\alpha$ decreases, which reduces the optical response of a quantum system in the presence of an external field. This damped response is caused by the wavefunction dependent position and momentum commutation relation. Although the maximum response is damped, we show that the one-dimensional quantum harmonic oscillator is no longer a linear system for $\alpha \neq 1$, where the second hyperpolarizability becomes negative before ultimately damping to zero at the lower fractional limit of $\alpha \rightarrow 1/2$.

Categories: Journals, Physics

### Entangled state fusion with Rydberg atoms. (arXiv:1710.05122v1 [quant-ph])

12 hours 54 min ago

We propose a scheme for preparation of large-scale entangled $GHZ$ states and $W$ states with neutral Rydberg atoms. The scheme mainly depends on Rydberg antiblockade effect, i.e., as the Rydberg-Rydberg-interaction (RRI) strength and the detuning between the atom transition frequency and the classical laser frequency satisfies some certain conditions, the effective Rabi oscillation between the two ground states and the two excitation Rydberg states would be generated. The prominent advantage is that both two-multiparticle $GHZ$ states and two-multiparticle $W$ states can be fused in this model, especially the success probability for fusion of $GHZ$ states can reach unit. In addition, the imperfections induced by the spontaneous emission is also discussed through numerical simulation.

Categories: Journals, Physics

### Shortcuts to adiabaticity in non-Hermitian quantum systems without rotating-wave approximation. (arXiv:1710.05129v1 [quant-ph])

12 hours 54 min ago

The technique of shortcuts to adiabaticity (STA) has attracted broad attention due to their possible applications in quantum information processing and quantum control. However, most studies published so far have been only focused on Hermitian systems under the rotating-wave approximation (RWA). In this paper, we propose a modified STA technique to realize population transfer for a non-Hermitian system without RWA. We work out an exact expression for the control function and present examples consisting of two- and three-level systems with decay to show the theory. The results suggest that the STA technique presented here is robust for fast passages. We also find that the decay has small effect on the population transfer in the three-level system. To shed more light on the physics behind this result, we reduce the quantum three-level system to an effective two-level one with large detunings. The STA technique of effective two-level system is studied. Thereby the high-fidelity population transfer can be implemented in non-Hermitian systems by our method, and it works even without RWA.

Categories: Journals, Physics

### A Verification Algorithm and Its Application to Quantum Locker in IBM Quantum Computer. (arXiv:1710.05196v1 [quant-ph])

12 hours 54 min ago

It is well known that Grover's algorithm asymptotically transforms an equal superposition state into an eigenstate (of a given basis). Here, we demonstrate a verification algorithm based on weak measurement which can achieve the same purpose even if the qubit is \textit{not} in an equal superposition state. The proposed algorithm highlights the \textit{distinguishability} between any arbitrary single qubit superposition state and an eigenstate. We apply this algorithm to propose the scheme of a Quantum Locker, a protocol in which any legitimate party can verify his/her authenticity by using a newly developed Quantum One-Time Password (OTP) and retrieve the necessary message from the locker. We formally explicate the working of Quantum Locker in association with the Quantum OTP, which theoretically offers a much higher security against any adversary, as compared to any classical security device.

Categories: Journals, Physics

### Mysl, smysl, svet. (arXiv:1710.05229v1 [physics.hist-ph])

12 hours 54 min ago

Speech on the occasion of accepting the Dagmar and Vaclav Havel Foundation VIZE 97 Prize for 2017. Delivered at Prague Crossroads, October 5, 2017

Categories: Journals, Physics

### Multi-time correlators in continuous measurement of qubit observables. (arXiv:1710.05249v1 [quant-ph])

12 hours 54 min ago

We consider multi-time correlators for output signals from linear detectors, continuously measuring several qubit observables at the same time. Using the quantum Bayesian formalism, we show that for unital (symmetric) evolution in the absence of phase backaction, an $N$-time correlator can be expressed as a product of two-time correlators when $N$ is even. For odd $N$, there is a similar factorization, which also includes a single-time average. Theoretical predictions agree well with experimental results for two detectors, which simultaneously measure non-commuting qubit observables.

Categories: Journals, Physics

### Entanglement-Spectrum Crossing and Momentum-Time Skyrmions in Quench Dynamics. (arXiv:1710.05289v1 [cond-mat.stat-mech])

12 hours 54 min ago

By studying the quench dynamics in one-dimensional superlattice systems with inversion symmetry, we find robust crossings in single-particle entanglement spectra for quantum quenches between different symmetry-protected topological phases. The physics behind this phenomenon is the emergence of a dynamical Chern number accompanied by unitarily created momentum-time Skyrmions. We also discuss a possible experimental situation based on Bloch-state tomography in ultracold atomic systems. Our work identifies the unique role of topology in quantum dynamics far from equilibrium.

Categories: Journals, Physics

### Controlling Stray Electric Fields on an Atom Chip for Rydberg Experiments. (arXiv:1710.05301v1 [physics.atom-ph])

12 hours 54 min ago

Experiments handling Rydberg atoms near surfaces must necessarily deal with the high sensitivity of Rydberg atoms to (stray) electric fields that typically emanate from adsorbates on the surface. We demonstrate a method to modify and reduce the stray electric field by changing the adsorbates distribution. We use one of the Rydberg excitation lasers to locally affect the adsorbed dipole distribution. By adjusting the averaged exposure time we change the strength (with the minimal value less than $0.2\,\textrm{V/cm}$ at $78\,\mu\textrm{m}$ from the chip) and even the sign of the perpendicular field component. This technique is a useful tool for experiments handling Ryberg atoms near surfaces, including atom chips.

Categories: Journals, Physics

### Optimally Stopped Variational Quantum Algorithms. (arXiv:1710.05365v1 [quant-ph])

12 hours 54 min ago

Quantum processors promise a paradigm shift in high-performance computing which needs to be assessed by accurate benchmarking measures. In this work, we introduce a new benchmark for variational quantum algorithm (VQA), recently proposed as a heuristic algorithm for small-scale quantum processors. In VQA, a classical optimization algorithm guides the quantum dynamics of the processor to yield the best solution for a given problem. A complete assessment of scalability and competitiveness of VQA should take into account both the quality and the time of dynamics optimization. The method of optimal stopping, employed here, provides such an assessment by explicitly including time as a cost factor. Here we showcase this measure for benchmarking VQA as a solver for some quadratic unconstrained binary optimization. Moreover we show that a better choice for the cost function of the classical routine can significantly improve the performance of the VQA algorithm and even improving it's scaling properties.

Categories: Journals, Physics

### Weaving and neural complexity in symmetric quantum states. (arXiv:1710.05367v1 [quant-ph])

12 hours 54 min ago

We study the behaviour of two different measures of the complexity of multipartite correlation patterns, weaving and neural complexity, for symmetric quantum states. Weaving is the weighted sum of genuine multipartite correlations of any order, where the weights are proportional to the correlation order. The neural complexity, originally introduced to characterize correlation patterns in classical neural networks, is here extended to the quantum scenario. We derive close formulas of the two quantities for GHZ states mixed with white noise

Categories: Journals, Physics

### 800 nm pumped SPDC from chirped crystals. (arXiv:1710.05469v1 [quant-ph])

12 hours 54 min ago

We consider crystal chirp effects on SPDC when pumping at 800 nm. The typical distribution produced in frequency-momentum space is a pop tab-like structure which turns out to be suitable for the implementation of versatile light sources. Our analyzes consider the effect of internal and external parameters in the process; in the former we include the crystal chirp and length, while in the latter temperature, as well as pump chirp and beam properties. We report evidence of the appropriateness of SPDC from chirped crystals to manipulate the frequency and transverse momentum properties of the light produced. We briefly comment on potential usefulness of the types of light produced, in particular for quantum information applications.

Categories: Journals, Physics

### SpooQySats: cubesats to demonstrate quantum key distribution technologies. (arXiv:1710.05487v1 [quant-ph])

12 hours 54 min ago

Satellite-based QKD offers the potential to share highly secure encryption keys between optical ground stations all over the planet. SpooQySats is a programme for establishing the space worthiness of highly-miniaturised, polarization entangled, photon pair sources using CubeSat nanosatellites. The sources are being developed iteratively with an early version in orbit already and improved versions soon to be launched. Once fully developed, the photon pair sources can be deployed on more advanced satellites that are equipped with optical links. These can allow for very secure uplinks and downlinks and can be used to establish a global space-based quantum key distribution network. This would enable highly secure symmetric encryption keys to be shared between optical ground stations all over the planet.

Categories: Journals, Physics

### Reliable numerical key rates for quantum key distribution. (arXiv:1710.05511v1 [quant-ph])

12 hours 54 min ago

The holy grail of quantum key distribution (QKD) theory is a robust, quantitative method to explore novel protocol ideas and to investigate the effects of device imperfections on the key rate. We argue that numerical methods are superior to analytical ones for this purpose. However, new challenges arise with numerical approaches, including the efficiency (i.e., possibly long computation times) and reliability of the calculation. In this work, we present a reliable, efficient, and tight numerical method for calculating key rates for finite-dimensional QKD protocols. We illustrate our approach by finding higher key rates than those previously reported in the literature for several interesting scenarios (e.g., the Trojan-horse attack and the phase-coherent BB84 protocol). Our method will ultimately improve our ability to automate key rate calculations and, hence, to develop a user-friendly software package that could be used widely by QKD researchers.

Categories: Journals, Physics

### Proposal for verifying dipole properties of light-harvesting antennae. (arXiv:1710.05529v1 [physics.bio-ph])

12 hours 54 min ago

For light harvestors with a reaction center complex (LH1-RC complex) of three types, we propose an experiment to verify our analysis based upon antenna theories that automatically include the required structural information. Our analysis conforms to current understanding of light-harvesting antennae in that we can explain known properties of the complex. a functional role of the notch at the light harvestor, the functional role of the special pair, a reason for the use of dielectric chlorophylls instead of a conductor to make the light harvestor, a mechanism to prevent damage from excess sunlight, an advantage of the dimeric form, a reason that the cross section of the light harvestor must not be circular, a reason for the modular design of nature, a function of the non-heme iron at the reaction center, and a reason that the light harvestor must not be spherical. Based upon our analysis we provide a mechanism for dimerization and propose an experiment. We predict the dimeric form of light-harvesting complexes is favoured under intense sunlight. We further comment upon the classification of the dimeric or S-shape complexes.

Categories: Journals, Physics

### Majorization, Entropy and Computing Power of Linear Optics. (arXiv:1710.05551v1 [quant-ph])

12 hours 54 min ago

One of the most important problems in linear optics quantum computing is to find the origin of its computational complexity. We claim in this work that the majorization of photon distributions is a crucial factor that affects the complexity of linear optics. Our analysis concentrates on the boson sampling problem, an exemplary model of linear optics. Prior to the main discussion, a majorization-dependent quantity that can measure the quantum complexity of identical particle distributions is introduced, which we call the Boltzmann entropy of elementary quantum complexity $S_B^q$. It decreases as the majorization of the photon distribution vector increases. Using the properties of majorization and $S_B^q$, we analyze two quantities that are the criteria for the computational complexity, $\mathcal{T}$ (the runtime of a generalized classical algorithm for calculating the permanent) and $\mathcal{E}$ (the additive error bound for an approximated permanent estimator). The runtime $\mathcal{T}$ becomes shorter as the input and output distribution vectors are more majorized, and the error bound $\mathcal{E}$ decreases as the majorization difference of input and output states increases. In addition, $S_B^q$ turns out to be an underlying quantity of $\mathcal{T}$ and $\mathcal{E}$, which implies that $S_B^q$ is an essential resource of the computational complexity of linear optics. We expect our findings would provide a fresh perspective to answer the fundamental questions of quantum supremacy.

Categories: Journals, Physics