## arXiv.org: Quantum Physics

Quantum Physics (quant-ph) updates on the arXiv.org e-print archive
Updated: 18 hours 33 min ago

### Majorana-based fermionic quantum computation. (arXiv:1712.02353v1 [quant-ph])

Fri, 2017-12-08 09:45

Because Majorana zero modes store quantum information non-locally, they are protected from noise, and have been proposed as a building block for a quantum computer. We show how to use the same protection from noise to implement universal fermionic quantum computation. Our architecture requires only two Majoranas to encode a (fermionic) quantum degree of freedom, compared to alternative implementations which require a minimum of four Majoranas for a spin quantum degree of freedom. The fermionic degrees of freedom support both unitary coupled cluster variational quantum eigensolver and quantum phase estimation algorithms, proposed for quantum chemistry simulations. Because we avoid the Jordan-Wigner transformation, our scheme has a lower overhead for implementing both of these algorithms, and it allows to simulate a Trotterized Hubbard Hamiltonian in O(1) time. We finally demonstrate magic state distillation in our fermionic architecture, giving a universal set of topologically protected fermionic quantum gates.

Categories: Journals, Physics

### Infrared Divergences and Quantum Coherence. (arXiv:1712.02355v1 [hep-th])

Fri, 2017-12-08 09:45

In theories with long-range forces like QED or perturbative gravity, only rates that include emitted soft radiation are non-vanishing. Independently of detector resolution, finite observables can only be obtained after integrating over the IR-component of this radiation. This integration can lead to some loss of quantum coherence. In this note, however, we argue that it should in general not lead to full decoherence. Based on unitarity, we suggest a way to define non-vanishing off-diagonal pieces of the IR-finite density matrix. For this IR-finite density matrix, we estimate the dependence of the loss of quantum coherence, i.e. of its purity, on the scattering kinematics.

Categories: Journals, Physics

### Semiclassical theory of the tunneling anomaly in partially spin-polarized compressible quantum Hall states. (arXiv:1712.02357v1 [cond-mat.str-el])

Fri, 2017-12-08 09:45

Electron tunneling into a system with strong interactions is known to exhibit an anomaly, in which the tunneling conductance vanishes continuously at low energy due to many-body interactions. Recent measurements have probed this anomaly in a quantum Hall bilayer of the half-filled Landau level, and shown that the anomaly apparently gets stronger as the half-filled Landau level is increasingly spin polarized. Motivated by this result, we construct a semiclassical hydrodynamic theory of the tunneling anomaly in terms of the charge-spreading action associated with tunneling between two copies of the Halperin-Lee-Read state with partial spin polarization. This theory is complementary to our recent work (arXiv:1709.06091) where the electron spectral function was computed directly using an instanton-based approach. Our results show that the experimental observation cannot be understood within conventional theories of the tunneling anomaly, in which the spreading of the injected charge is driven by the mean-field Coulomb energy. However, we identify a qualitatively new regime, in which the mean-field Coulomb energy is effectively quenched and the tunneling anomaly is dominated by the finite compressibility of the composite Fermion liquid.

Categories: Journals, Physics

### Adaptive weight estimator for quantum error correction. (arXiv:1712.02360v1 [quant-ph])

Fri, 2017-12-08 09:45

Quantum error correction of a surface code or repetition code requires the pairwise matching of error events in a space-time graph of qubit measurements, such that the total weight of the matching is minimized. The input weights follow from a physical model of the error processes that affect the qubits. This approach becomes problematic if the system has sources of error that change over time. Here we show how the weights can be determined from the measured data in the absence of an error model. The resulting adaptive decoder performs well in a time-dependent environment, provided that the characteristic time scale $\tau_{\mathrm{env}}$ of the variations is greater than $\delta t/\bar{p}$, with $\delta t$ the duration of one error-correction cycle and $\bar{p}$ the typical error probability per qubit in one cycle.

Categories: Journals, Physics

### Causal Asymmetry in a Quantum World. (arXiv:1712.02368v1 [quant-ph])

Fri, 2017-12-08 09:45

Causal asymmetry is one of the great surprises in predictive modelling: the memory required to predictive the future differs from the memory required to retrodict the past. There is a privileged temporal direction for modelling a stochastic process where memory costs are minimal. Models operating in the other direction incur an unavoidable memory overhead. Here we show that this overhead can vanish when quantum models are allowed. Quantum models forced to run in the less natural temporal direction not only surpass their optimal classical counterparts, but also any classical model running in reverse time. This holds even when the memory overhead is unbounded, resulting in quantum models with unbounded memory advantage.

Categories: Journals, Physics

### Recoverable Information and Emergent Conservation Laws in Fracton Stabilizer Codes. (arXiv:1712.02375v1 [quant-ph])

Fri, 2017-12-08 09:45

We introduce a new quantity, that we term recoverable information, defined for stabilizer Hamiltonians. For such models, the recoverable information provides a measure of the topological information, as well as a physical interpretation, which is complementary to topological entanglement entropy. We discuss three different ways to calculate the recoverable information, and prove their equivalence. To demonstrate its utility, we compute recoverable information for fracton models using all three methods where appropriate. From the recoverable information, we deduce the existence of emergent $Z_2$ Gauss-law type constraints, which in turn imply emergent $Z_2$ conservation laws for point-like quasiparticle excitations of an underlying topologically ordered phase.

Categories: Journals, Physics

### Repulsive vacuum-induced forces on a magnetic particle. (arXiv:1712.02385v1 [quant-ph])

Fri, 2017-12-08 09:45

We study the possibility of obtaining a repulsive vacuum-induced force for a magnetic point particle near a surface. Considering the toy model of a particle with an electric-dipole transition and a large magnetic spin, we analyze the interplay between the repulsive magnetic-dipole and the attractive electric-dipole contributions to the total Casimir-Polder force. Particularly noting that the magnetic-dipole interaction is longer-ranged than the electric-dipole due to the difference in their respective characteristic transition frequencies, we find a regime where the repulsive magnetic contribution to the total force can potentially exceed the attractive electric part in magnitude for a sufficiently large spin. We analyze ways to further enhance the magnitude of the repulsive magnetic Casimir-Polder force for an excited particle, such as by preparing it in a "super-radiant" magnetic sub-level, and designing surface resonances close to the magnetic transition frequency.

Categories: Journals, Physics

### Dynamical Equilibration of Topological Properties. (arXiv:1712.02440v1 [cond-mat.quant-gas])

Fri, 2017-12-08 09:45

We study the dynamical process of equilibration of topological properties in quantum many-body systems undergoing a parameter quench between two topologically inequivalent Hamiltonians. This scenario is motivated by recent experiments on ultracold atomic gases, where a trivial initial state is prepared before the Hamiltonian is ramped into a topological insulator phase. While the many-body wave function must stay topologically trivial in the coherent post-quench dynamics, here we show how the topological properties of the single particle density matrix dynamically change and equilibrate in the presence of interactions. In this process, the single particle density matrix goes through a characteristic level crossing as a function of time, which plays an analogous role to the gap closing of a Hamiltonian in an equilibrium topological quantum phase transition. We exemplify this generic mechanism with a numerical case study on one-dimensional topological insulators.

Categories: Journals, Physics

### Bound state and Localization of excitation in many-body open systems. (arXiv:1712.02506v1 [quant-ph])

Fri, 2017-12-08 09:45

Bound state and time evolution for single excitation in one dimensional XXZ spin chain within non-Markovian reservoir are studied exactly. As for bound state, a common feature is the localization of single excitation, which means the spontaneous emission of excitation into reservoir is prohibited. Exceptionally the pseudo-bound state can always be found, for which the single excitation has a finite probability emitted into reservoir. We argue that under limit $N\rightarrow \infty$ the pseudo-bound bound state characterizes an equilibrium between the localization in spin chain and spontaneous emission into reservoir. In addition, a critical energy scale for bound states is also identified, below which only one bound state exists and it also is pseudo-bound state. The effect of quasirandom disorder is also discussed. It is found in this case that the single excitation is more inclined to locate at some spin sites. Thus a many-body-localization like behavior can be found. In order to display the effect of bound state and disorder on the preservation of quantum information, the time evolution of single excitation in spin chain studied exactly by numerically solving the evolution equation. A striking observation is that the excitation can be stayed at its initial location with a probability more than 0.9 when the bound state and disorder coexist. However if any one of the two issues is absent, the information of initial state can be erased completely or becomes mixed. Our finding shows that the combination of bound state and disorder can provide an ideal mechanism for quantum memory.

Categories: Journals, Physics

### "Mechano-optics": An optomechanical quantum simulator. (arXiv:1712.02532v1 [quant-ph])

Fri, 2017-12-08 09:45

A widely-known paradigm in optomechanical systems involves coupling the square of the position of a mechanical oscillator to an electromagnetic field. We discuss how, in the so-called resolved sideband regime, this system allows to simulate dynamics similar to ordinary optomechanics, where the position of the oscillator is coupled to the field, but with the roles of the oscillator and the field interchanged. We show that realisation of this system is within reach, and that it opens the door to an otherwise inaccessible parameter regime.

Categories: Journals, Physics

### The case of escape probability as linear in short time. (arXiv:1712.02541v1 [quant-ph])

Fri, 2017-12-08 09:45

We derive rigorously the short-time escape probability of a quantum particle from its compactly supported initial state, which has a discontinuous derivative at the boundary of the support. We show that this probability is liner in time, which seems to be a new result. The novelty of our calculation is the inclusion of the boundary layer of the propagated wave function formed outside the initial support. This result has applications to the decay law of the particle, to the Zeno behavior, quantum absorption, time of arrival, quantum measurements, and more, as will be discussed separately.

Categories: Journals, Physics

### Decoherence in a $\mathcal{PT}$-symmetric qubit coupled with a state dependent bath. (arXiv:1712.02554v1 [quant-ph])

Fri, 2017-12-08 09:45

We have investigated decoherence in a $\mathcal{PT}$-symmetric qubit coupled with a state dependent bath. Using cannonical transformations, we map the non-Hermitian Hamiltonian representing the $\mathcal{PT}$-symmetric qubit to a spin boson model. Identifying the parameter $\alpha$ that demarcates the hermiticity and non-hermiticity in the model, we show that the qubit does not decohere at the transition from real eigen spectrum to complex eigen spectrum. In case of subohmic bath spectral density, we have found that the decoherence due to initial correlations are strongly modified by the parameter $\alpha$. Moreover, in all sub-ohmic, ohmic, and super-ohmic cases, we have found that the slowing down of decoherence from initial correlations as well as from interactions as $\alpha$ approaches the transition point. This results in the same dynamics of an initially correlated and an uncorrelated state in the physically relevant regime for $\alpha$ close to 1.

Categories: Journals, Physics

### Kolmogorov extension theorem for general (quantum) stochastic processes. (arXiv:1712.02589v1 [quant-ph])

Fri, 2017-12-08 09:45

In classical physics, the Kolmogorov extension theorem provides the foundation for the definition and investigation of stochastic processes. In its original form, it does not hold in quantum mechanics. More generally, it does not hold in any theory -- classical, quantum or beyond -- of stochastic processes that does not just describe passive observations, but allows for active interventions. Thus, to date, these frameworks lack a firm theoretical underpinning. We prove a generalized extension theorem for stochastic processes that applies to all theories of stochastic processes, putting them on equally firm mathematical ground as their classical counterpart, and providing the correct framework for the description of experiments involving continuous control, which play a crucial role in the development of quantum technologies. Furthermore, we show that the original extension theorem follows from the generalised one in the correct limit, and elucidate how the comprehensive understanding of general stochastic processes allows one to unambiguously define the distinction between those that are classical and those that are quantum.

Categories: Journals, Physics

### SRA vs histograms in the noise analysis of SPAD. (arXiv:1712.02612v1 [quant-ph])

Fri, 2017-12-08 09:45

A comparative analysis of the method of histograms and the sequence of the ranged am-plitudes (SRA) for statistical parametrization of the operation regime of a single-photon avalanche photodetector is carried out. It is shown that the SRA method contains all the information, which can be obtained using the method of histograms, and also allows to give a quick robust description of the dark counts of the device for a short noise sample of $\sim10^3$ points, what open the way for the introduction of SRA approach into software of a high-sensitivity photodetectors.

Categories: Journals, Physics

### The Engineering of a Scalable Multi-Site Communications System Utilizing Quantum Key Distribution (QKD). (arXiv:1712.02617v1 [cs.CR])

Fri, 2017-12-08 09:45

Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) is a means of generating keys between a pair of computing hosts that is theoretically secure against cryptanalysis, even by a quantum computer. Although there is much active research into improving the QKD technology itself, there is still significant work to be done to apply engineering methodology and determine how it can be practically built to scale within an enterprise IT environment. Significant challenges exist in building a practical key management service for use in a metropolitan network. QKD is generally a point-to-point technique only and is subject to steep performance constraints. The integration of QKD into enterprise-level computing has been researched, to enable quantum-safe communication. A novel method for constructing a key management service is presented that allows arbitrary computing hosts on one site to establish multiple secure communication sessions with the hosts of another site. A key exchange protocol is proposed where symmetric private keys are granted to hosts while satisfying the scalability needs of an enterprise population of users. The key management service operates within a layered architectural style that is able to interoperate with various underlying QKD implementations. Variable levels of security for the host population are enforced through a policy engine. A network layer provides key generation across a network of nodes connected by quantum links. Scheduling and routing functionality allows quantum key material to be relayed across trusted nodes. Optimizations are performed to match the real-time host demand for key material with the capacity afforded by the infrastructure. The result is a flexible and scalable architecture that is suitable for enterprise use and independent of any specific QKD technology.

Categories: Journals, Physics

### Design of Efficient Reversible Logic Based Binary and BCD Adder Circuits. (arXiv:1712.02630v1 [quant-ph])

Fri, 2017-12-08 09:45

In this work, we present a class of new designs for reversible binary and BCD adder circuits. The proposed designs are primarily optimized for the number of ancilla inputs and the number of garbage outputs and are designed for possible best values for the quantum cost and delay. First, we propose two new designs for the reversible ripple carry adder: (i) one with no input carry $c_0$ and no ancilla input bits, and (ii) one with input carry $c_0$ and no ancilla input bits. The proposed reversible ripple carry adder designs with no ancilla input bits have less quantum cost and logic depth (delay) compared to their existing counterparts in the literature. In these designs, the quantum cost and delay are reduced by deriving designs based on the reversible Peres gate and the TR gate. Next, four new designs for the reversible BCD adder are presented based on the following two approaches: (i) the addition is performed in binary mode and correction is applied to convert to BCD when required through detection and correction, and (ii) the addition is performed in binary mode and the result is always converted using a binary to BCD converter. The proposed reversible binary and BCD adders can be applied in a wide variety of digital signal processing applications and constitute important design components of reversible computing.

Categories: Journals, Physics

### Many-body quantum chaos: The first analytic connection to random matrix theory. (arXiv:1712.02665v1 [nlin.CD])

Fri, 2017-12-08 09:45

A key goal of quantum chaos is to establish a relationship between widely observed universal spectral fluctuations of clean quantum systems and random matrix theory (RMT). For single particle systems with fully chaotic classical counterparts, the problem has been partly solved by Berry (1985) within the so-called diagonal approximation of semiclassical periodic-orbit sums. Derivation of the full RMT spectral form factor $K(t)$ from semiclassics has been completed only much later in a tour de force by Mueller et al (2004). In recent years, the questions of long-time dynamics at high energies, for which the full many-body energy spectrum becomes relevant, are coming at the forefront even for simple many-body quantum systems, such as locally interacting spin chains. Such systems display two universal types of behaviour which are termed as many-body localized phase' and ergodic phase'. In the ergodic phase, the spectral fluctuations are excellently described by RMT, even for very simple interactions and in the absence of any external source of disorder. Here we provide the first theoretical explanation for these observations. We compute $K(t)$ explicitly in the leading two orders in $t$ and show its agreement with RMT for non-integrable, time-reversal invariant many-body systems without classical counterparts, a generic example of which are Ising spin 1/2 models in a periodically kicking transverse field.

Categories: Journals, Physics

### Efficient optical pumping using hyperfine levels in $^{145}$Nd$^{3+}$:Y$_2$SiO$_5$ and its application to optical storage. (arXiv:1712.02682v1 [quant-ph])

Fri, 2017-12-08 09:45

Efficient optical pumping is an important tool for state initialization in quantum technologies, such as optical quantum memories. In crystals doped with Kramers rare-earth ions, such as erbium and neodymium, efficient optical pumping is challenging due to the relatively short population lifetimes of the electronic Zeeman levels, of the order of 100 ms at around 4 K. In this article we show that optical pumping of the hyperfine levels in isotopically enriched $^{145}$Nd$^{3+}$:Y$_2$SiO$_5$ crystals is more efficient, owing to the longer population relaxation times of hyperfine levels. By optically cycling the population many times through the excited state a nuclear-spin flip can be forced in the ground-state hyperfine manifold, in which case the population is trapped for several seconds before relaxing back to the pumped hyperfine level. To demonstrate the effectiveness of this approach in applications we perform an atomic frequency comb memory experiment with 33% storage efficiency in $^{145}$Nd$^{3+}$:Y$_2$SiO$_5$, which is on a par with results obtained in non-Kramers ions, e.g. europium and praseodymium, where optical pumping is generally efficient due to the quenched electronic spin.

Categories: Journals, Physics

### Quantum switch via Rindler observers. (arXiv:1712.02689v1 [quant-ph])

Fri, 2017-12-08 09:45

The realization of indefinite causal order, a theoretical possibility that even the causal order of events in spacetime can be subjected to quantum superposition, apart from its general significance for the fundamental physics research, would also enable quantum information processing that outperforms protocols in which the underlying causal structure is definite. In this paper, we propose a realization of a simple case of indefinite causal order - the "quantum switch" - by entangling two communicating Rindler laboratories. Additionally, we obtain a quantum superposition of "direct-cause" and "common-cause" causal structures. For this we exploit the fact that two Rindler observers cannot communicate with each other if their worldlines belong to space-like separated wedges of a given light cone in Minkowski spacetime. Furthermore, we show that by using the "double Rindler quantum switch" one can realize entangled causal structures.

Categories: Journals, Physics

### Non-perturbative vacuum polarization effects in two-dimensional supercritical Dirac-Coulomb system. II. Vacuum energy. (arXiv:1712.02703v1 [hep-th])

Fri, 2017-12-08 09:45

Non-perturbative vacuum polarization effects are explored for a supercritical Dirac-Coulomb system with $Z > Z_{cr,1}$ in 2+1 D, based on the original combination of analytical methods, computer algebra and numerical calculations, proposed recently in Refs. [1]-[3]. Both the vacuum charge density $\rho_{VP}(\vec{r})$ and vacuum energy $\mathcal{E}_{VP}$ are considered. Due to a lot of details of calculation the whole work is divided into two parts I and II. Taking account of results, obtained in the part I [4] for $\rho_{VP}$, in the present part II the evaluation of the vacuum energy $\mathcal{E}_{VP}$ is investigated with emphasis on the renormalization and convergence of the partial expansion for $\mathcal{E}_{VP}$. It is shown that the renormalization via fermionic loop turns out to be the universal tool, which removes the divergence of the theory both in the purely perturbative and essentially non-perturbative regimes of the vacuum polarization. The main result of calculation is that for a wide range of the system parameters in the overcritical region $\mathcal{E}_{VP}$ turns out to be a rapidly decreasing function $\sim - \eta_{eff}\, Z^3/R\,$ with $\eta_{eff}>0$ and $R$ being the size of the external Coulomb source. To the end the similarity in calculations of $\mathcal{E}_{VP}$ in 2+1 and 3+1 D is discussed, and qualitative arguments are presented in favor of the possibility for complete screening of the classical electrostatic energy of the Coulomb source by the vacuum polarization effects for $Z \gg Z_{cr,1}$ in 3+1 D.

Categories: Journals, Physics