## Feed aggregator

### Role of indistinguishability in interferometric phase estimation. (arXiv:1911.05427v1 [quant-ph])

arXiv.org: Quantum Physics - Thu, 2019-11-14 14:45

We report a theoretical and experimental study on the role of indistinguishability in the estimation of an interferometric phase. In particular, we show that the quantum Fisher information, which limits the maximum precision achievable in the parameter estimation, increases linearly with respect to the degree of indistinguishability between the input photons in a two-port interferometer, in the ideal case of a pure probe state. We experimentally address the role played by the indistinguishability for the case of two photons entering a polarization-based interferometer, where the degree of indistinguishability is characterized by the overlap between two spatial modes. The experimental results support the fact that, even in the presence of white noise, a quantum enhancement in the interferometric phase estimation can be obtained from a minimum degree of indistinguishability.

Categories: Journals, Physics

### Geometric properties of SIC-POVM tensor square. (arXiv:1911.05437v1 [quant-ph])

arXiv.org: Quantum Physics - Thu, 2019-11-14 14:45

It's known that if $d^2$ vectors from $d$-dimensional Hilbert space $H$ form a SIC-POVM (SIC for short) then tensor square of those vectors form an equiangular tight frame on the symmetric subspace of $H\otimes H$. We prove that for any SIC of WH-type (Weyl-Heisenberg group covariant) this squared frame can be obtained as a projection of WH-type basis of $H\otimes H$ onto the symmetric subspace. We give a full description of the set of all WH-type bases, so this set could be used as a search space for SIC solutions. Also we show that a particular element of this set is close to a SIC solution in some structural sense. Finally we give a geometric construction of a SIC-related symmetric tight fusion frames that were discovered in odd dimensions.

Categories: Journals, Physics

### Statistical properties of the quantum internet. (arXiv:1911.05445v1 [quant-ph])

arXiv.org: Quantum Physics - Thu, 2019-11-14 14:45

Steady technological advances are paving the way for the implementation of the quantum internet, a network of locations interconnected by quantum channels. Here we propose a model to simulate a quantum internet based on optical fibers and employ network-theory techniques to characterize the statistical properties of the photonic networks it generates. Our model predicts a continuous phase transition between a disconnected and a highly-connected phase characterized by the computation of critical exponents. Moreover we show that, although the networks do not present the small world property, the average distance between nodes is typically small.

Categories: Journals, Physics

### Coupling Rydberg atoms to microwave fields in a superconducting coplanar waveguide resonator. (arXiv:1911.05513v1 [quant-ph])

arXiv.org: Quantum Physics - Thu, 2019-11-14 14:45

Rydberg helium atoms traveling in pulsed supersonic beams have been coupled to microwave fields in a superconducting coplanar waveguide (CPW) resonator. The atoms were initially prepared in the 1s55s $^3$S$_1$ Rydberg level by two-color two-photon laser excitation from the metastable 1s2s $^3$S$_1$ level. Two-photon microwave transitions between the 1s55s $^3$S$_1$ and 1s56s $^3$S$_1$ levels were then driven by the 19.556 GHz third harmonic microwave field in a quarter-wave CPW resonator. This superconducting microwave resonator was fabricated from niobium nitride on a silicon substrate and operated at temperatures between 3.65 and 4.30 K. The populations of the Rydberg levels in the experiments were determined by state-selective pulsed electric field ionization. The coherence of the atom-resonator coupling was studied by time-domain measurements of Rabi oscillations.

Categories: Journals, Physics

### Qubit Movement-Assisted Entanglement Swapping. (arXiv:1911.05517v1 [quant-ph])

arXiv.org: Quantum Physics - Thu, 2019-11-14 14:45

In this paper, we propose a scheme to generate entanglement between two distant qubits (two-level atom) which are separately trapped in their own (in general) non-Markovian dissipative cavities by utilizing entangling swapping. We consider the case in which the qubits can move along their cavity axes rather than a static state of motion. We first examine the role of movement of the qubit by studying the entropy evolution for each subsystem. We calculate the average entropy over the initial states of the qubit. Then by performing a Bell state measurement on the fields leaving the cavities, we swap the entanglement between qubit-field in each cavity into qubit-qubit and field-field subsystems. We use the entangling power to measure the average amount of swapped entanglement over all possible pure initial states. Our results are presented in two weak and strong coupling regimes. Our results illustrate the positive role of the movement of the qubits on the swapped entanglement. It is revealed that by considering certain conditions for the initial state of qubits, it is possible to achieve a maximally long-leaving stationary entanglement (Bell state) which is entirely independent of the environmental variables as well as the velocity of qubits. This happens when the two qubits have the same velocities.

Categories: Journals, Physics

### Local passivity and entanglement in shared quantum batteries. (arXiv:1911.05540v1 [quant-ph])

arXiv.org: Quantum Physics - Thu, 2019-11-14 14:45

We identify the conditions for local passivity for shared quantum batteries with local Hamiltonians. For locally passive states of two-qubit batteries, we find the relation of their entanglement content with the amount of energy that can be globally extracted from them. Moreover, we obtain that the deficit in work extraction from pure battery states due to the restriction to local unitaries is equal to the amount of optimal global work extractable from the corresponding pure locally passive battery state, for the same entanglement supply. Furthermore, the pure battery state for which globally extractable work attains a maximum, among the set of all pure states with a fixed value of entanglement, also provides the maximum locally extractable work.

Categories: Journals, Physics

### Flux-mediated optomechanics with a transmon qubit in the single-photon ultrastrong-coupling regime. (arXiv:1911.05550v1 [quant-ph])

arXiv.org: Quantum Physics - Thu, 2019-11-14 14:45

We propose a scheme for controlling a radio-frequency mechanical resonator at the quantum level using a superconducting qubit. The mechanical part of the circuit consists of a suspended micrometer-long beam that is embedded in the loop of a superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) and is connected in parallel to a transmon qubit. Using realistic parameters from recent experiments with similar devices, we show that this configuration can enable a tuneable optomechanical interaction in the single-photon ultrastrong-coupling regime, where the radiation-pressure coupling strength is larger than both the transmon decay rate and the mechanical frequency. We investigate the dynamics of the driven system for a range of coupling strengths and find an optimum regime for ground-state cooling, consistent with previous theoretical investigations considering linear cavities. Furthermore, we numerically demonstrate a protocol for generating hybrid discrete- and continuous-variable entanglement as well as mechanical Schr\"{o}dinger cat states, which can be realised within the current state of the art. Our results demonstrate the possibility of controlling the mechanical motion of massive objects using superconducting qubits at the single-photon level and could enable applications in hybrid quantum technologies as well as fundamental tests of quantum mechanics.

Categories: Journals, Physics

### A glimpse of objectivity in bipartite systems for non-entangling pure dephasing evolutions. (arXiv:1911.05558v1 [quant-ph])

arXiv.org: Quantum Physics - Thu, 2019-11-14 14:45

We study separable system-environment evolutions of pure dephasing type in the context of objectivity and find that it can lead to the natural emergence of Spectrum Broadcast Structure (SBS) states at discrete instances of time. Contrary to the standard way of obtaining SBS states which requires entanglement with the observed environment, reaching such states here does not require decoherence (no unobserved environements are necessary). Yet the biggest difference is the basis with respect to which the SBS states are formed. Here it is not the pointer basis of the system given by the interaction with the environment, but an equal superposition basis of said pointer states. The price to pay is the momentary character of the formed SBS structures, hence the term "glimpse".

Categories: Journals, Physics

### Revivals imply quantum many-body scars. (arXiv:1911.05637v1 [quant-ph])

arXiv.org: Quantum Physics - Thu, 2019-11-14 14:45

We derive general results relating revivals in the dynamics of quantum many-body systems to the entanglement properties of energy eigenstates. For a D-dimensional lattice system of N sites initialized in a low-entangled and short-range correlated state, our results show that a perfect revival of the state after a time at most poly(N) implies the existence of "quantum many-body scars", whose number grows at least as the square root of N up to poly-logarithmic factors. These are energy eigenstates with energies placed in an equally-spaced ladder and with R\'enyi entanglement entropy scaling as log(N) plus an area law term for any region of the lattice. This shows that quantum many-body scars are a necessary condition for revivals, independent of particularities of the Hamiltonian leading to them. We also present results for approximate revivals, for revivals of expectation values of observables and prove that the duration of revivals of states has to become vanishingly short with increasing system size.

Categories: Journals, Physics

### On derivatives of the energy with respect to total electron number and orbital occupation numbers. A critique of Janak's theorem. (arXiv:1911.05651v1 [physics.chem-ph])

arXiv.org: Quantum Physics - Thu, 2019-11-14 14:45

The relation between the derivative of the energy with respect to occupation number and the orbital energy, $\partial E/\partial n_i = \epsilon_i$, was first introduced by Slater for approximate total energy expressions such as Hartree-Fock and exchange-only LDA, and his derivation holds for hybrid functionals as well. We argue that Janak's extension of this relation to (exact) Kohn-Sham density functional theory is not valid. The reason is the nonexistence of systems with noninteger electron number, and therefore of the derivative of the total energy with respect to electron number, $\partial E/\partial N$. How to handle the lack of a defined derivative $\partial E/\partial N$ at the integer point, is demonstrated using the Lagrange multiplier technique to enforce constraints. The well-known straight-line behavior of the energy as derived from statistical physical considerations [J.P. Perdew, R. G. Parr, M. Levy and J.J. Balduz, Phys. Rev. Lett. 49, 1691 (1982)] for the average energy of a molecule in a macroscopic sample ("dilute gas") as a function of average electron number is not a property of a single molecule at $T=0$. One may choose to represent the energy of a molecule in the nonphysical domain of noninteger densities by a straight-line functional, but the arbitrariness of this choice precludes the drawing of physical conclusions from it.

Categories: Journals, Physics

### Modulation spectroscopy of Rydberg atoms in an optical lattice. (arXiv:1911.05671v1 [quant-ph])

arXiv.org: Quantum Physics - Thu, 2019-11-14 14:45

We develop and study quantum and semi-classical models of Rydberg-atom spectroscopy in amplitude-modulated optical lattices. Both initial- and target-state Rydberg atoms are trapped in the lattice. Unlike in any other spectroscopic scheme, the modulation-induced ponderomotive coupling between the Rydberg states is spatially periodic and perfectly phase-locked to the lattice trapping potentials. This leads to a novel type of sub-Doppler mechanism, which we explain in detail. In our exact quantum model, we solve the time-dependent Schr\"odinger equation in the product space of center-of-mass (COM) momentum states and the internal-state space. We also develop a perturbative model based on the band structure in the lattice and Fermi's golden rule, as well as a semi-classical trajectory model in which the COM is treated classically and the internal-state dynamics quantum-mechanically. In all models we obtain the spectrum of the target Rydberg-state population versus the lattice modulation frequency, averaged over the initial thermal COM momentum distribution of the atoms. We investigate the quantum-classical correspondence of the problem in several parameter regimes and exhibit spectral features that arise from vibrational COM coherences and rotary-echo effects. Applications in Rydberg-atom spectroscopy are discussed.

Categories: Journals, Physics

### Extracting photoelectron spectra from the time-dependent wave function: Comparison of the projection onto continuum states and window-operator methods. (arXiv:1911.05693v1 [physics.atom-ph])

arXiv.org: Quantum Physics - Thu, 2019-11-14 14:45

Over the last three decades numerous numerical methods for solving the time-dependent Schr\"{o}dinger equation within the single-active electron approximation have been developed for studying ionization of atomic targets exposed to an intense laser field. In addition, various numerical techniques for extracting the photoelectron spectra from the time-dependent wave function have emerged. In this paper we compare photoelectron spectra obtained by either projecting the time-dependent wave function at the end of the laser pulse onto the continuum state having proper incoming boundary condition or by using the window-operator method. Our results for three different atomic targets show that the boundary condition imposed onto the continuum states plays a crucial role for obtaining correct spectra accurate enough to resolve fine details of the interference structures of the photoelectron angular distribution.

Categories: Journals, Physics

### Understanding high gain twin beam sources using cascaded stimulated emission. (arXiv:1911.05708v1 [quant-ph])

arXiv.org: Quantum Physics - Thu, 2019-11-14 14:45

We present a new method for the spectral characterization of pulsed twin beam sources in the high gain regime, using cascaded stimulated emission. We show an implementation of this method for a ppKTP spontaneous parametric down-conversion source generating up to 60 photon pairs per pulse, and demonstrate excellent agreement between our experiments and our theory. This work enables the complete and accurate experimental characterization of high gain effects in parametric down conversion, including self and cross-phase modulation. Moreover, our theory allows the exploration of designs with the goal of improving the specifications of twin beam sources for application in quantum information, computation, sampling, and metrology.

Categories: Journals, Physics

### Entanglement of Propagating Optical Modes via a Mechanical Interface. (arXiv:1911.05729v1 [quant-ph])

arXiv.org: Quantum Physics - Thu, 2019-11-14 14:45

Many applications of quantum information processing (QIP) require distribution of quantum states in networks, both within and between distant nodes. Optical quantum states are uniquely suited for this purpose, as they propagate with ultralow attenuation and are resilient to ubiquitous thermal noise. Mechanical systems are then envisioned as versatile interfaces between photons and a variety of solid-state QIP platforms. Here, we demonstrate a key step towards this vision, and generate entanglement between two propagating optical modes, by coupling them to the same, cryogenic mechanical system. The entanglement persists at room temperature, where we verify the inseparability of the bipartite state and fully characterize its logarithmic negativity by homodyne tomography. We detect, without any corrections, correlations corresponding to a logarithmic negativity of $E_\mathrm{N}=0.35$. Combined with quantum interfaces between mechanical systems and solid-state qubit processors already available or under development, this paves the way for mechanical systems enabling long-distance quantum information networking over optical fiber networks.

Categories: Journals, Physics

### Synchronize accelerated clock in a multipartite relativistic quantum system. (arXiv:1801.01666v2 [quant-ph] UPDATED)

arXiv.org: Quantum Physics - Thu, 2019-11-14 14:45

We perform a protocol for multipartite quantum clock synchronization under the influence of Unruh thermal noise. The clocks consisting of Unruh-DeWitt detectors when one of detectors accelerated is obtained. To estimate the time difference between the clocks, we calculate the time probability and analyze how the probability is influenced by the Unruh thermal noise and other factors. It is shown that both relativistic motion and interaction between the atom and the external scalar field affect the choice of optimal number of excited atoms in the initial state, which leads to a higher clock adjustment accuracy. Time probabilities for different types of initial states approach to the same value in the limit of infinite acceleration, while tend to different minimums with increasing number of atoms. In addition, the accuracy of clock synchronization using a pair of entangled clocks in two-party system is always higher than in an multipartite system, while the optimal $Z$-type multipartite initial state always perform better than the $W$-type state.

Categories: Journals, Physics

### Total Functions in QMA. (arXiv:1805.00670v2 [quant-ph] UPDATED)

arXiv.org: Quantum Physics - Thu, 2019-11-14 14:45

In analogy with the classical complexity class Total Functional NP (TFNP), we introduce the complexity class of Total Functional QMA (TFQMA). In this complexity class one is given a family of quantum circuits $Q_n$ that take as input a classical string $x$ of length $n$ and a quantum state $| \psi \rangle$ on poly$(n)$ qubits, for some polynomial poly$(n)$, such that for all $x$ there exists at least one witness, i.e. a state $| \psi \rangle$ such that $Q_n(x, | \psi \rangle)=1$ with probability $\geq 2/3$. The functional problem is then, given $Q_n$ and $x$, find a $| \psi \rangle$ such that $Q_n(x, | \psi \rangle)=1$ with probability $\geq 2/3$. The complexity of this class lies between the functional analogs of BQP and QMA, denoted FBQP and FQMA respectively. We show that TFQMA can equivalently be defined as the functional analog of QMA$\cap$coQMA. We provide examples of problems that lie in TFQMA, coming from areas such as the complexity of k-local Hamiltonians and public key quantum money. In the context of black-box groups, we note that Group Non-Membership, which was known to belong to QMA, in fact belongs to TFQMA. We also provide an oracle with respect to which we have a separation between FBQP and TFQMA. In the conclusion we discuss the relation between TFQMA, public key quantum money, and the complexity of quantum states.

Categories: Journals, Physics

### Thermodynamic Capacity of Quantum Processes. (arXiv:1807.05610v2 [quant-ph] UPDATED)

arXiv.org: Quantum Physics - Thu, 2019-11-14 14:45

Thermodynamics imposes restrictions on what state transformations are possible. In the macroscopic limit of asymptotically many independent copies of a state---as for instance in the case of an ideal gas---the possible transformations become reversible and are fully characterized by the free energy. In this Letter, we present a thermodynamic resource theory for quantum processes that also becomes reversible in the macroscopic limit, a property that is especially rare for a resource theory of quantum channels. We identify a unique single-letter and additive quantity, the thermodynamic capacity, that characterizes the "thermodynamic value" of a quantum channel, in the sense that the work required to simulate many repetitions of a quantum process employing many repetitions of another quantum process becomes equal to the difference of the respective thermodynamic capacities. On a technical level, we provide asymptotically optimal constructions of universal implementations of quantum processes. A challenging aspect of this construction is the apparent necessity to coherently combine thermal engines that would run in different thermodynamic regimes depending on the input state. Our results have applications in quantum Shannon theory by providing a generalized notion of quantum typical subspaces and by giving an operational interpretation to the entropy difference of a channel.

Categories: Journals, Physics

### Information and the second law of thermodynamics. (arXiv:1809.00611v3 [quant-ph] UPDATED)

arXiv.org: Quantum Physics - Thu, 2019-11-14 14:45

The second law of classical thermodynamics, based on the positivity of the entropy production, only holds for deterministic processes. Therefore the Second Law in stochastic quantum thermodynamics may not hold. By making a fundamental connection between thermodynamics and information theory we will introduce a new way of defining the Second Law which holds for both deterministic classical and stochastic quantum thermodynamics. Our work incorporates information well into the Second Law and also provides a thermodynamic operational meaning for negative and positive entropy production.

Categories: Journals, Physics

### Two-Tone Optomechanical Instability and Its Fundamental Implications for Backaction-Evading Measurements. (arXiv:1812.11022v3 [quant-ph] UPDATED)

arXiv.org: Quantum Physics - Thu, 2019-11-14 14:45

While quantum mechanics imposes a fundamental limit on the precision of interferometric measurements of mechanical motion due to measurement backaction, the nonlinear nature of the coupling also leads to parametric instabilities that place practical limits on the sensitivity by limiting the power in the interferometer. Such instabilities have been extensively studied in the context of gravitational wave detectors, and their presence has recently been reported in Advanced LIGO. Here, we observe experimentally and describe theoretically a new type of optomechanical instability that arises in two-tone backaction-evading (BAE) measurements, designed to overcome the standard quantum limit, and demonstrate the effect in the optical domain with a photonic crystal nanobeam, and in the microwave domain with a micromechanical oscillator coupled to a microwave resonator. In contrast to the well-known oscillatory parametric instability that occurs in single-tone, blue-detuned pumping, which is characterized by a vanishing effective mechanical damping, the parametric instability in balanced two-tone optomechanics is exponential, and is a result of small detuning errors in the two pump frequencies. Its origin can be understood in a rotating frame as the vanishing of the effective mechanical frequency due to an optical spring effect. Counterintuitively, the instability occurs even in the presence of perfectly balanced intracavity fields, and can occur for both signs of detuning. We find excellent quantitative agreement with our theoretical predictions. Since the constraints on tuning accuracy become stricter with increasing probe power, it imposes a fundamental limitation on BAE measurements, as well as other two-tone schemes. In addition to introducing a new limitation in two-tone BAE measurements, the results also introduce a new type of nonlinear dynamics in cavity optomechanics.

Categories: Journals, Physics

### Open quantum systems in Heisenberg picture. (arXiv:1903.08551v2 [quant-ph] UPDATED)

arXiv.org: Quantum Physics - Thu, 2019-11-14 14:45

In the framework of the Heisenberg picture, an alternative derivation of the reduced density matrix of a driven dissipative quantum harmonic oscillator as the prototype of an open quantum system is investigated. The reduced density matrix for different initial states of the combined system is obtained from a general formula, and different limiting cases are studied. Exact expressions for the corresponding characteristic function in quantum thermodynamics and Wigner quasi distribution function are found. A possible generalization based on the Magnus expansion of the evolution operator is presented.

Categories: Journals, Physics