Journals

Representation Theory for Geometric Quantum Machine Learning. (arXiv:2210.07980v2 [quant-ph] UPDATED)

arXiv.org: Quantum Physics - Wed, 2023-02-08 12:45

Recent advances in classical machine learning have shown that creating models with inductive biases encoding the symmetries of a problem can greatly improve performance. Importation of these ideas, combined with an existing rich body of work at the nexus of quantum theory and symmetry, has given rise to the field of Geometric Quantum Machine Learning (GQML). Following the success of its classical counterpart, it is reasonable to expect that GQML will play a crucial role in developing problem-specific and quantum-aware models capable of achieving a computational advantage. Despite the simplicity of the main idea of GQML -- create architectures respecting the symmetries of the data -- its practical implementation requires a significant amount of knowledge of group representation theory. We present an introduction to representation theory tools from the optics of quantum learning, driven by key examples involving discrete and continuous groups. These examples are sewn together by an exposition outlining the formal capture of GQML symmetries via "label invariance under the action of a group representation", a brief (but rigorous) tour through finite and compact Lie group representation theory, a reexamination of ubiquitous tools like Haar integration and twirling, and an overview of some successful strategies for detecting symmetries.

Categories: Journals, Physics

Kondo frustration via charge fluctuations: a route to Mott localisation. (arXiv:2302.02328v1 [cond-mat.str-el] CROSS LISTED)

arXiv.org: Quantum Physics - Wed, 2023-02-08 12:45

We propose a minimal effective impurity model that captures the phenomenology of the Mott-Hubbard metal-insulator transition (MIT) of the half-filled Hubbard model on the Bethe lattice in infinite dimensions as observed by dynamical mean field theory (DMFT). This involves extending the standard Anderson impurity model Hamiltonian to include an explicit Kondo coupling $J$, as well as a local on-site correlation $U_b$ on the conduction bath site connected directly to the impurity. For the case of attractive local bath correlations ($U_{b}<0$), the extended Anderson impurity model (e-SIAM) sheds new light on several aspects of the DMFT phase diagram. For example, the $T=0$ metal-to-insulator quantum phase transition (QPT) is preceded by an excited state quantum phase transition (ESQPT) where the local moment eigenstates are emergent in the low-lying spectrum. Long-ranged fluctuations are observed near both the QPT and ESQPT, suggesting that they are the origin of the quantum critical scaling observed recently at high temperatures in DMFT simulations. The $T=0$ gapless excitations at the QCP display particle-hole interconversion processes, and exhibit power-law behaviour in self-energies and two-particle correlations. These are signatures of non-Fermi liquid behaviour that emerge from the partial breakdown of the Kondo screening.

Categories: Journals, Physics

Model-free Quantum Gate Design and Calibration using Deep Reinforcement Learning. (arXiv:2302.02371v2 [eess.SY] UPDATED)

arXiv.org: Quantum Physics - Wed, 2023-02-08 12:45

High-fidelity quantum gate design is important for various quantum technologies, such as quantum computation and quantum communication. Numerous control policies for quantum gate design have been proposed given a dynamical model of the quantum system of interest. However, a quantum system is often highly sensitive to noise, and obtaining its accurate modeling can be difficult for many practical applications. Thus, the control policy based on a quantum system model may be unpractical for quantum gate design. Also, quantum measurements collapse quantum states, which makes it challenging to obtain information through measurements during the control process. In this paper, we propose a novel training framework using deep reinforcement learning for model-free quantum control. The proposed framework relies only on the measurement at the end of the control process and offers the ability to find the optimal control policy without access to quantum systems during the learning process. The effectiveness of the proposed technique is numerically demonstrated for model-free quantum gate design and quantum gate calibration using off-policy reinforcement learning algorithms.

Categories: Journals, Physics

Using a modified version of the Tavis-Cummings-Hubbard model to simulate the formation of neutral hydrogen molecule. (arXiv:2209.09607v3 [quant-ph] UPDATED)

arXiv.org: Quantum Physics - Wed, 2023-02-08 12:45

A finite-dimensional chemistry model with two two-level artificial atoms on quantum dots positioned in optical cavities, called the association-dissociation model of neutral hydrogen molecule, is described. The initial circumstances that led to the formation of the synthetic neutral hydrogen molecule are explained. In quantum form, nuclei's mobility is portrayed. The association of atoms in the molecule is simulated through a quantum master equation, incorporating hybridization of atomic orbitals into molecular - depending on the position of the nuclei. Consideration is also given to electron spin transitions. Investigated are the effects of temperature variation of various photonic modes on quantum evolution and neutral hydrogen molecule formation. Finally, a more precise model including covalent bond and simple harmonic oscillator (phonon) is proposed.

Categories: Journals, Physics

Dirac equation in curved spacetime: the role of local Fermi velocity. (arXiv:2301.12952v2 [cond-mat.mes-hall] UPDATED)

arXiv.org: Quantum Physics - Wed, 2023-02-08 12:45

We study the dynamical equations of charge carriers in curved Dirac materials, in the presence of a local Fermi velocity. An explicit parameterization of the latter emerging quantity for a nanoscroll cylindrical geometry is also provided, together with a discussion of related physical effects and observable properties.

Categories: Journals, Physics

Quantifying coherence with principal diagonal elements of density matrix. (arXiv:2301.12295v2 [quant-ph] UPDATED)

arXiv.org: Quantum Physics - Wed, 2023-02-08 12:45

Being the key resource in quantum physics, the proper quantification of coherence is of utmost importance. Amid complex-looking functionals in quantifying coherence, we set forth a simple and easy-to-evaluate approach: Principal diagonal difference of coherence (C_PDD), which we prove to be non-negative, self-normalized, and monotonic (under any incoherent operation). To validate this theory, we thought of a fictitious two-qubit system (both interacting and non-interacting) and, through the laser pulse-system interaction (semi-classical approach), compare the coherence evolution of C_PDD with the relative entropy of coherence (C_(r.e)) and l_1-norm of coherence (C_(l_1 )), in a pure-state regime. The numerical results show that the response of C_PDD is better than the other two quantifiers. To the best of our knowledge, this letter is the first to show that a set of density-matrix diagonal elements carries complete information on the coherence (or superposition) of any pure quantum state.

Categories: Journals, Physics

Broadband Quantum Memory in Atomic Ensembles. (arXiv:2301.08772v2 [quant-ph] UPDATED)

arXiv.org: Quantum Physics - Wed, 2023-02-08 12:45

Broadband quantum memory is critical to enabling the operation of emerging photonic quantum technology at high speeds. Here we review a central challenge to achieving broadband quantum memory in atomic ensembles -- what we call the 'linewidth-bandwidth mismatch' problem -- and the relative merits of various memory protocols and hardware used for accomplishing this task. We also review the theory underlying atomic ensemble quantum memory and its extensions to optimizing memory efficiency and characterizing memory sensitivity. Finally, we examine the state-of-the-art performance of broadband atomic ensemble quantum memories with respect to three key metrics: efficiency, memory lifetime, and noise.

Categories: Journals, Physics

Time-to-space ghost imaging. (arXiv:2301.09184v2 [quant-ph] UPDATED)

arXiv.org: Quantum Physics - Wed, 2023-02-08 12:45

Temporal ghost imaging is based on temporal correlations of two optical beams and aims at forming a temporal image of a temporal object with a resolution, fundamentally limited by the photodetector resolution time and reaching 55 ps in a recent experiment. For further improvement of the temporal resolution, it is suggested to form a spatial ghost image of a temporal object relying on strong temporal-spatial correlations of two optical beams. Such correlations are known to exist between two entangled beams generated in type-I parametric downconversion. It is shown that a sub-picosecond-scale temporal resolution is accessible with a realistic source of entangled photons.

Categories: Journals, Physics

Powerful ordered collective heat engines. (arXiv:2301.06591v2 [cond-mat.stat-mech] UPDATED)

arXiv.org: Quantum Physics - Wed, 2023-02-08 12:45

We introduce a class of stochastic engines in which the regime of units operating synchronously can boost the performance. Our approach encompasses a minimal setup composed of $N$ interacting units placed in contact with two thermal baths and subjected to a constant driving worksource. The interplay between unit synchronization and interaction leads to an efficiency at maximum power between the Carnot, $\eta_{c}$, and the Curzon-Ahlborn bound, $\eta_{CA}$. Moreover, these limits can be respectively saturated maximizing the efficiency, and by simultaneous optimization of power and efficiency. We show that the interplay between Ising-like interactions and a collective ordered regime is crucial to operate as a heat engine. The main system features are investigated by means of a linear analysis near equilibrium, and developing an effective discrete-state model that captures the effects of the synchronous phase. The present framework paves the way for the building of promising nonequilibrium thermal machines based on ordered structures.

Categories: Journals, Physics

Fundamental accuracy-resolution trade-off for timekeeping devices. (arXiv:2301.05173v2 [quant-ph] UPDATED)

arXiv.org: Quantum Physics - Wed, 2023-02-08 12:45

From a thermodynamic point of view, all clocks are driven by irreversible processes. Additionally, one can use oscillatory systems to temporally modulate the thermodynamic flux towards equilibrium. Focusing on the most elementary thermalization events, this modulation can be thought of as a temporal probability concentration for these events. There are two fundamental factors limiting the performance of clocks: On the one level, the inevitable drifts of the oscillatory system, which are addressed by finding stable atomic or nuclear transitions that lead to astounding precision of today's clocks. On the other level, there is the intrinsically stochastic nature of the irreversible events upon which the clock's operation is based. This becomes relevant when seeking to maximize a clock's resolution at high accuracy, which is ultimately limited by the number of such stochastic events per reference time unit. We address this essential trade-off between clock accuracy and resolution, proving a universal bound for all clocks whose elementary thermalization events are memoryless.

Categories: Journals, Physics

An efficient quantum algorithm for simulating polynomial differential equations. (arXiv:2212.10775v2 [math.DS] UPDATED)

arXiv.org: Quantum Physics - Wed, 2023-02-08 12:45

We present an efficient quantum algorithm to simulate nonlinear differential equations with polynomial vector fields of arbitrary degree on quantum platforms. Models of physical systems that are governed by ordinary differential equations (ODEs) or partial differential equation (PDEs) can be challenging to solve on classical computers due to high dimensionality, stiffness, nonlinearities, and sensitive dependence to initial conditions. For sparse $n$-dimensional linear ODEs, quantum algorithms have been developed which can produce a quantum state proportional to the solution in poly(log(nx)) time using the quantum linear systems algorithm (QLSA). Recently, this framework was extended to systems of nonlinear ODEs with quadratic polynomial vector fields by applying Carleman linearization that enables the embedding of the quadratic system into an approximate linear form. A detailed complexity analysis was conducted which showed significant computational advantage under certain conditions. We present an extension of this algorithm to deal with systems of nonlinear ODEs with $k$-th degree polynomial vector fields for arbitrary (finite) values of $k$. The steps involve: 1) mapping the $k$-th degree polynomial ODE to a higher dimensional quadratic polynomial ODE; 2) applying Carleman linearization to transform the quadratic ODE to an infinite-dimensional system of linear ODEs; 3) truncating and discretizing the linear ODE and solving using the forward Euler method and QLSA. Alternatively, one could apply Carleman linearization directly to the $k$-th degree polynomial ODE, resulting in a system of infinite-dimensional linear ODEs, and then apply step 3. This solution route can be computationally more efficient. We present detailed complexity analysis of the proposed algorithms, prove polynomial scaling of runtime on $k$ and demonstrate the framework on an example.

Categories: Journals, Physics

An operator extension of weak monotonicity. (arXiv:2211.13372v2 [quant-ph] UPDATED)

arXiv.org: Quantum Physics - Wed, 2023-02-08 12:45

Let $S(\rho)$ be the von Neumann entropy of a density matrix $\rho$. Weak monotonicity asserts that $S(\rho_{AB}) - S(\rho_A) + S(\rho_{BC}) - S(\rho_C)\geq 0$ for any tripartite density matrix $\rho_{ABC}$, a fact that is equivalent to the strong subadditivity of entropy. We prove an operator inequality, which, upon taking an expectation value with respect to the state $\rho_{ABC}$, reduces to the weak monotonicity inequality. Generalizations of this inequality to the one involving two independent density matrices, as well as their R\'enyi-generalizations, are also presented.

Categories: Journals, Physics

Optimal control of quantum state preparation and entanglement creation in two-qubit quantum system with bounded amplitude. (arXiv:2211.09323v2 [quant-ph] UPDATED)

arXiv.org: Quantum Physics - Wed, 2023-02-08 12:45

We consider the optimal control problem in a two-qubit system with bounded amplitude. Two cases are studied: quantum state preparation and entanglement creation. Cost functions, fidelity and concurrence, are optimized over bang-off controls for different values of the total duration, respectively. For quantum state preparation problem, three critical time points are determined with high precision, and optimal controls are obtained for different durations. A better estimation of the quantum speed limit is obtained, so is the time-optimal control. For entanglement creation problem, two critical time points are determined, one of them is the minimal time to achieve maximal entanglement (unit concurrence) starting from the product state. In addition, the optimal control to reach the unit concurrence is found.

Categories: Journals, Physics

Quantum dynamics of gravitational massive shell. (arXiv:2211.05401v2 [gr-qc] UPDATED)

arXiv.org: Quantum Physics - Wed, 2023-02-08 12:45

The quantum dynamics of a self-gravitating thin matter shell in vacuum has been considered. Quantum Hamiltonian of the system is positive definite. Within chosen set of parameters, the quantum shell bounces above the horizon. Considered quantum system does not collapse to the gravitational singularity of the corresponding classical system.

Categories: Journals, Physics

Reducing the qubit requirement of Jordan-Wigner encodings of $N$-mode, $K$-fermion systems from $N$ to $\lceil \log_2 {N \choose K} \rceil$. (arXiv:2211.04501v2 [quant-ph] UPDATED)

arXiv.org: Quantum Physics - Wed, 2023-02-08 12:45

To simulate a fermionic system on a quantum computer, it is necessary to encode the state of the fermions onto qubits. Fermion-to-qubit mappings such as the Jordan-Wigner and Bravyi-Kitaev transformations do this using $N$ qubits to represent systems of $N$ fermionic modes. In this work, we demonstrate that for particle number conserving systems of $K$ fermions and $N$ modes, the qubit requirement can be reduced to the information theoretic minimum of $\lceil \log_2 {N \choose K} \rceil$. This will improve the feasibility of simulation of molecules and many-body systems on near-term quantum computers with limited qubit number.

Categories: Journals, Physics

Quantum-quasiclassical analysis of center-of-mass nonseparability in hydrogen atom stimulated by strong laser fields. (arXiv:2211.03579v4 [quant-ph] UPDATED)

arXiv.org: Quantum Physics - Wed, 2023-02-08 12:45

We have developed a quantum-quasiclassical computational scheme for quantitative treating of the nonseparable quantum-classical dynamics of the 6D hydrogen atom in a strong laser pulse. In this approach, the electron is treated quantum mechanically and the center-of-mass (CM) motion classically. Thus, the Schr\"odinger equation for the electron and the classical Hamilton equations for the CM variables, nonseparable due to relativistic effects stimulated by strong laser fields, are integrated simultaneously. In this approach, it is natural to investigate the idea of using the CM-velocity spectroscopy as a classical build-up'' set up for detecting the internal electron quantum dynamics. We have performed such an analysis using the hydrogen atom in linearly polarized laser fields as an example and found a strong correlation between the CM kinetic energy distribution after a laser pulse and the spectral density of electron kinetic energy. This shows that it is possible to detect the quantum dynamics of an electron by measuring the distribution of the CM kinetic energy.

Categories: Journals, Physics

Exploiting Qubit Reuse through Mid-circuit Measurement and Reset. (arXiv:2211.01925v3 [quant-ph] UPDATED)

arXiv.org: Quantum Physics - Wed, 2023-02-08 12:45

Quantum measurement is important to quantum computing as it extracts the outcome of the circuit at the end of the computation. Previously, all measurements have to be done at the end of the circuit. Otherwise, it will incur significant errors. But it is not the case now. Recently IBM started supporting dynamic circuits through hardware (instead of software by simulator). With mid-circuit hardware measurement, we can improve circuit efficacy and fidelity from three aspects: (a) reduced qubit usage, (b) reduced swap insertion, and (c) improved fidelity. We demonstrate this using real-world applications Bernstein Verizani on real hardware and show that circuit resource usage can be improved by 60\%, and circuit fidelity can be improved by 15\%. We design a compiler-assisted tool that can find and exploit the tradeoff between qubit reuse, fidelity, gate count, and circuit duration. We also developed a method for identifying whether qubit reuse will be beneficial for a given application. We evaluated our method on a representative set of essential applications. We can reduce resource usage by up to 80\% and circuit fidelity by up to 20\%.

Categories: Journals, Physics

Entanglement and negativity Hamiltonians for the massless Dirac field on the half line. (arXiv:2210.12109v2 [cond-mat.stat-mech] UPDATED)

arXiv.org: Quantum Physics - Wed, 2023-02-08 12:45

We study the ground-state entanglement Hamiltonian of several disjoint intervals for the massless Dirac fermion on the half-line. Its structure consists of a local part and a bi-local term that couples each point to another one in each other interval. The bi-local operator can be either diagonal or mixed in the fermionic chiralities and it is sensitive to the boundary conditions. The knowledge of such entanglement Hamiltonian is the starting point to evaluate the negativity Hamiltonian, i.e. the logarithm of the partially transposed reduced density matrix, which is an operatorial characterisation of entanglement of subsystems in a mixed states. We find that the negativity Hamiltonian inherits the structure of the corresponding entanglement Hamiltonian. We finally show how the continuum expressions for both these operators can be recovered from exact numerical computations in free-fermion chains.

Categories: Journals, Physics

Quantum algorithm for evaluating operator size with Bell measurements

PRA: Quantum information - Wed, 2023-02-08 11:00

Author(s): Xi-Dan Hu, Tong Luo, and Dan-Bo Zhang

Operator size growth describes the scrambling of operators in quantum dynamics and stands out as an essential physical concept for characterizing quantum chaos. Important as it is, a scheme for the direct measuring of operator size on a quantum computer is still absent. Here, we propose a quantum al…

[Phys. Rev. A 107, 022407] Published Wed Feb 08, 2023

Categories: Journals, Physics

Quantifying quantum coherence via Kirkwood-Dirac quasiprobability

PRA: Quantum information - Wed, 2023-02-08 11:00

Author(s): Agung Budiyono and Hermawan K. Dipojono

Kirkwood-Dirac (KD) quasiprobability is a quantum analog of phase space probability of classical statistical mechanics, allowing negative or/and nonreal values. It gives an informationally complete representation of a quantum state. Recent works have revealed the important roles played by the KD qua…

[Phys. Rev. A 107, 022408] Published Wed Feb 08, 2023

Categories: Journals, Physics