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(A) Circular trajectories of the resonator coherent state for the two qubit states have different sizes (left), due to a qubit-dependent shift of the resonator response function (right). The phase difference measured in the experiment is given by the area ΔA enclosed between the two trajectories.
(B) The different path shapes used in the experiment and the corresponding geometric phases relative to the phase for the circular path. Indicated is the typical maximum photon number n ≈ 20.
Nonadiabatic Cooper pair pump consisting of a superconducting island shown as blue bar separated by a single Josephson junction and a SQUID. The energy levels of the island are controlled by the dc gate and the high frequency pulse gate.