QUROPE Quantum Information Processing and Communication in Europe

Author(s): Cui-Zu Chang, Chao-Xing Liu, and Allan H. MacDonald

The quantum Hall effect, discovered by von Klitzing more than 40 years ago, requires strong magnetic fields for its realization. More recently it was found that the effect can also be realized in zero magnetic field as a result of spontaneous time-reversal symmetry breaking. This Colloquium discusses the physics underlying this quantum anomalous Hall effect, the materials it is observed in, and potential applications.

[Rev. Mod. Phys. 95, 011002] Published Mon Jan 23, 2023

Author(s): Matteo Baggioli and Blaise Goutéraux

Hydrodynamics is an old example of an effective description of complex matter, which describes the system’s behavior at large length and timescales and lumps microscopic details into transport coefficients. A combination of hydrodynamics and the gauge-gravity duality, which was first explored in the context of string theory, has proven promising for a description of strongly correlated electron fluids. This Colloquium explains how to apply these techniques to strongly correlated materials where the electron fluid crystallizes, and in particular to the strange metal phase of high-temperature superconductors.

[Rev. Mod. Phys. 95, 011001] Published Wed Jan 04, 2023

Author(s): Ignacio Piquero-Zulaica, Jorge Lobo-Checa, Zakaria M. Abd El-Fattah, J. Enrique Ortega, Florian Klappenberger, Willi Auwärter, and Johannes V. Barth

Surfaces of solid-state materials can be manipulated to fashion quantum dots and bespoke electronic properties. This review provides an overview of the work done to shape surface 2D electron gasses by means of patterning with molecule-based networks formed via supramolecular self-assembly or atomistic manipulation protocols, giving rise to distinct phenomena in the quantum regime. A vision of applying and engineering these techniques to achieve control over surface electron quantum states for many systems is presented.

[Rev. Mod. Phys. 94, 045008] Published Thu Dec 22, 2022

Author(s): Costantino Budroni, Adán Cabello, Otfried Gühne, Matthias Kleinmann, and Jan-Åke Larsson

A realization that came gradually in physics is that the “elements of reality” of Einstein, Podolsky, and Rosen are provably nonexistent. Specker initiated a line of thinking in 1960, observing that the outcomes of quantum measurements cannot reveal preexisting properties that are independent of which other measurements are performed. This review discusses the diverse current thinking on the problem of contextuality. The possibilities and problems with experimental verifications are discussed, and the violation of Bell inequalities can be viewed as a special case of contextuality.

[Rev. Mod. Phys. 94, 045007] Published Mon Dec 19, 2022

Author(s): Andreas Reiserer

Quantum computing has seen much progress recently, but networks of quantum processors still face substantial challenges. At the same time they have extraordinary promise for both applied and fundamental purposes. This Colloquium explains how optical resonators can be used to achieve the necessary specifications in a variety of systems, bringing global quantum computing networks within reach.

[Rev. Mod. Phys. 94, 041003] Published Fri Dec 16, 2022

Author(s): Gabriel T. Landi, Dario Poletti, and Gernot Schaller

Systems whose boundaries are in contact with heat baths at different temperatures allow for the realization of nonequilibrium steady states (NESS) characterized by distribution functions that are still time independent, yet different from the equilibrium distributions. Such states have interesting properties even in classical statistical mechanics, but recently their quantum analogs have received attention, for both fundamental and applied reasons. This review provides an account of recent progress in this field. It introduces various models to describe the rich NESS phenomenology and covers analytic and numerical methods for analyzing them.

[Rev. Mod. Phys. 94, 045006] Published Tue Dec 13, 2022

Author(s): Adrian Bachtold, Joel Moser, and M. I. Dykman

Recent technological advances allow nanomechanical vibrational systems to be fabricated with small dimensions, large oscillation frequencies, and long vibrational lifetimes. Novel physical behavior occurs in the mesoscopic regime which applies only to studying individual systems and not to solid-state ensemble systems probed with molecular or vibrational spectroscopies. This review addresses the experimental work on physical phenomena in vibrational systems, including fluctuations in the nonequilibrium regime, relaxations, nonlinearities, dynamics both conservative and dissipative, and mode couplings and their interplay.

[Rev. Mod. Phys. 94, 045005] Published Thu Dec 08, 2022

Author(s): D. Filippetto, P. Musumeci, R. K. Li, B. J. Siwick, M. R. Otto, M. Centurion, and J. P. F. Nunes

Understanding the structure and function of both energy and matter is a fundamental goal in science. Various spatiotemporal probes have been developed from electromagnetic waves spanning the entire range of the spectrum to neutrons and charged particles such as electrons. With the development of highly controlled, shorter electron bunches, retrieving dynamic structural information from solid-state and gas-phase samples is now possible at timescales that resolve atomic motion and length scales that resolve atomic positions in even the lightest elements. In this review advances in the generation, manipulation, and characterization of ultrashort electron beams are described.

[Rev. Mod. Phys. 94, 045004] Published Tue Dec 06, 2022

Author(s): Sean A. Hartnoll and Andrew P. Mackenzie

Relaxational processes for conduction electrons in metals come with characteristic temperature dependences; classic examples at low temperatures are the 1/T2 law for the relaxation time in a Fermi liquid, and the Bloch 1/T5 law for electron-phonon scattering. The strange metal phase of cuprate superconductors is governed instead by the Planckian time, which is given in terms of fundamental constants only. This Colloquium discusses the concept of such a fundamental timescale and the degree to which it provides a lower bound for relaxation times, and illustrates these ideas with examples from conventional and unconventional metals.

[Rev. Mod. Phys. 94, 041002] Published Wed Nov 30, 2022

Author(s): Luigi Amico, Dana Anderson, Malcolm Boshier, Jean-Philippe Brantut, Leong-Chuan Kwek, Anna Minguzzi, and Wolf von Klitzing

Atomtronics refers to the use of ultracold atoms for building circuits that rely on the coherent propagation of matter waves in waveguides. While still in its infancy, this new quantum technology is promising both for applications and for probing the correlated atomic matter itself. This Colloquium explains the current state of the field and discusses possible applications.

[Rev. Mod. Phys. 94, 041001] Published Fri Nov 18, 2022

Author(s): Adam Stokes and Ahsan Nazir

This article reviews the meaning of gauge freedom in quantum electrodynamics and emphasizes its consistency with examples and analyses. It thus demonstrates that ambiguities and recent controversies are resolved by proper identification of physically relevant observables of field and matter subsystems. Since these observables differ for different gauges, light and matter subsystems can only be defined relative to the choice of gauge, with implications for the identification of effective few-dimensional models, entanglement, phase transitions, and cavity quantum electrodynamics effects beyond weak-coupling regimes.

[Rev. Mod. Phys. 94, 045003] Published Thu Nov 03, 2022

Author(s): Cang Zhao, Bo Shi, Shuailei Chen, Dong Du, Tao Sun, Brian J. Simonds, Kamel Fezzaa, and Anthony D. Rollett

Additive manufacturing, called 3D printing, has become ubiquitous in classrooms, laboratories, and research centers. While printing with plastics has revolutionized prototyping and modeling, it is now possible to fabricate metal parts and devices directly from computer models by fusing metal particles together with high-intensity lasers. This review focusses on the flow of heat and material in the high temperature environment, the instabilities that arise, and the tools to control them.

[Rev. Mod. Phys. 94, 045002] Published Thu Oct 20, 2022